Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Characteristics of energy metabolism in the new-born infant, piglet and lamb have been compared quantitatively in order to assess how the constraints imposed by the availabilities of energy substrates in body reserves and colostrum differ between species and affect the new-born's well being during the first day after birth. Three air temperature ranges, described as thermoneutral (32-38 degrees C), moderate (18-26 degrees C) and cold (0-10 degrees C) and representing the usual birth environments of infants, piglets and lambs, respectively, have been considered. The analysis revealed the following noteworthy points. Carbohydrate and lipid are the major energy substrates for heat production because protein catabolism is minimal during the first day after birth in all three species. The availability of carbohydrate determines how long the new-born can avoid hypoglycaemia, which threatens well being because it leads to hypothermia or compromised cerebral function, but lipid availability can affect the periods for which the carbohydrate can last. Thus, in unfed piglets and lambs the available reserves of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen (g/kg body weight) are similar in normal (n.) and growth retarded (g.r.) individuals, but glycogen exhaustion occurs earlier in g.r. new-borns because a reduced lipid availability in them increases their dependence on carbohydrate. In contrast, lipid energy is plentiful in g.r., preterm (p.) and n. infants, so that the faster depletion of glycogen in g.r./p. than in n. individuals is primarily due to a restricted prenatal glycogen deposition in the former. The usual colostrum intakes of n. infants are very low during the first day, but their body reserves can supply the required energy, the major source of carbohydrate being liver glycogen. However, g.r./p. infants require supplementary feeding, the choice of feed being determined by factors such as the intakes the infants can achieve, the carbohydrate content of the feed and the need to ensure a balanced supply of minerals, electrolytes and other substances. In their usual birth environments piglets and lambs, whether growth retarded or not, require colostrum to avoid hypothermia during the first day. The colostrum of both species is rich in lipid, which corrects any deficit in the new-born and thus extends the availability of glycogen, but at the usual colostrum intakes the amounts of lactose can provide sufficient carbohydrate energy for only about half a day. Piglets and lambs, even when fed fully, are therefore obliged to call on their body glycogen reserves in order to make up the difference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A comparison of energy metabolism in the new-born infant, piglet and lamb. 353 62

We studied the effect of incubation temperature on the production of shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) by pig cecal bacteria in vitro in order to assess short-term influences of body temperature on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine. We employed a 200 mL scale continuous culture system using cecal bacteria from commercially slaughtered pigs as innoculum. The culture was maintained at 30, 37, 40 or 42 degrees C and continuously diluted by continuous feeding of bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) added with lactose (10 g/L) and by simultaneous continuous efflux both at 4.17 mL/h. We monitored SCFA concentration of the culture for 12 h, which represents their production rate. Concentrations of SCFA increased during the first several hours and plateaued at around 11 h of incubation. Incubation temperature significantly affected mean concentrations from 1 to 12 h of acetic (40 degrees C>42 degrees C= 37 degrees C>30 degrees C), propionic (40 degrees C>42 degrees C=30 degrees C), n-butyric (42 degrees C>37 degrees C>30 degrees C, 40 degrees C>30 degrees C) and n-valeric (42 degrees C=40 degrees C>37 degrees C>30 degrees C) acids, and total SCFA (40 degrees C>42 degrees C= 37 degrees C> 30 degrees C) (p<0.05). These results indicate that both hyperthermia and hypothermia depress the microbial breakdown of carbohydrates.
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PMID:Influence of temperature on short-chain fatty acid production by pig cecal bacteria in vitro. 1663 32

Infection with influenza virus induces severe pulmonary immune pathology that leads to substantial human mortality. Although antiviral therapy is effective in preventing infection, no current therapy can prevent or treat influenza-induced lung injury. Previously, we reported that influenza-induced pulmonary immune pathology is mediated by inflammatory monocytes trafficking to virus-infected lungs via CCR2 and that influenza-induced morbidity and mortality are reduced in CCR2-deficient mice. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pharmacologically blocking CCR2 with a small molecule inhibitor (PF-04178903) on the entry of monocytes into lungs and subsequent morbidity and mortality in influenza-infected mice. Subcutaneous injection of mice with PF-04178903 was initiated 1 d prior to infection with influenza strain H1N1A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Compared with vehicle controls, PF-04178903-treated mice demonstrated a marked reduction in mortality (75 versus 0%) and had significant reductions in weight loss and hypothermia during subsequent influenza infection. Drug-treated mice also displayed significant reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein, albumin, and lactose dehydrogenase activity. Administration of PF-04178903 did not alter viral titers, severity of secondary bacteria infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae), or levels of anti-influenza-neutralizing Abs. Drug-treated mice displayed an increase in influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results suggest that CCR2 antagonists may represent an effective prophylaxis against influenza-induced pulmonary immune pathology.
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PMID:CCR2-antagonist prophylaxis reduces pulmonary immune pathology and markedly improves survival during influenza infection. 2109 18