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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An analysis of the causes of death in the neonatal nursery of the Port Moresby General Hospital in Papua New Guinea from 1982-1985 is presented, and conclusions were enumerated. The nursery has beds for 24 babies, subdivided into intensive care, infection and growing areas. Dormitory space for 12 mothers is available, and breast feeding is encouraged, whether by sucking, cup or tube: no bottle feeding is done. Up to 9 sisters staff the unit. A total of 2948 infants were admitted, including 831 cesarean births. 343 deaths occurred. 80 deaths were previable babies less than 1000 g. The neonatal mortality was 10/1000. The most common causes of death were septicemia or meningitis (24%), perinatal asphyxia (20%), respiratory distress syndrome (15%), congenital abnormalities (12%), meconium aspiration 7%, apnea of prematurity (7%). Other causes included pneumonia, hypothermia, intrauterine infection syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage and kernicterus. Note that hypothermia can occur in tiny babies, even in the tropics. Both respiratory distress and jaundice appear to be rare in melanesians compared to caucasians. Infections were due to tetanus, E. coli, S. aureus a Strep. faecalis, rather than the Group B hemolytic Strep. more often seen in the West. It was concluded that several inexpensive measures can be put in place to markedly enhance survival: train birth attendants to prevent perinatal asphyxia; maintain body temperature by available means; feed adequately, using expressed breast milk if necessary; maintain oxygenation properly using simple equipment such as a nasal catheter or perspex head box; prevent infection by scrupulous hand washing, cord care and overall cleanliness; manage neonatal jaundice.
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PMID:Neonatal care in perspective: results of neonatal care at Port Moresby. 347 16

I retrospectively describe 20 episodes of water intoxication in 19 infants, with hypothermia, seizures, and hyponatremia. Overdilution of formula or aggressive supplementation with water or clear juices were documented in 16 of the 20 episodes. Seizures and respiratory distress were severe enough in six cases to require intubation and ventilatory support. Marked diaphoresis was noted as a premonitory symptom to seizures in eight children. The children were an average of 5.1 +/- 4.3 months of age; serum sodium values averaged 118 +/- 4.3 mmol/L. No evidence of excess production of antidiuretic hormone was found. Water intoxication in infants is common, and I discuss its possible relationship to demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
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PMID:Seizures and hypothermia due to dietary water intoxication in infants. 356 73

Organization, operational plans, and initial experience of a Regional Neonatal Transport System is described. The system covers provinces of Bizcaia, and Alava in Northern Spain, with a total of 17,500 annual deliveries. In the first 10 months 31 newborn infants were transported. Their mean birth weight was 2,066 +/- +/- 931 Gm. Ten infants had a birth weight less than 1,500 Gm, and in 22 (71%) of them gestational age was under 37 weeks. Some types of respiratory distress was present in 71% of them, and 25.8% required mechanical ventilation during transport. Hypothermia was present in 36% of the infants at referral center, percentage that decreased to only 9% at their arrival to the NICU. During transport mean body temperature increased from 35.33 +/- 1.07 degrees to 35.84 +/- 0.9 degrees C (p less than 0.01). Infants condition was judged to improve in 13% of them. Overall survival rate was 74.2%, being 80.9% in those weighting from 1,000 to 1,500 Gm. Infants who were hypothermic had a lower survival (45.5%) than those who were not (90%) (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:[Regional organization of a neonatal transportation system]. 382 14

Neonates are susceptible to infection since several elements of the immune system are deficient. At present, the most common pathogens are Group B streptococci and Escherichia coli. Prolonged rupture of membranes with amnionitis is a high-risk setting. Clinical signs suggesting neonatal sepsis include respiratory distress, poor feeding, hypothermia, seizures and hypotonia. After the sepsis work-up is completed, the initial choice of antibiotics is based on the prevailing organisms and antibiotic sensitivities within the community.
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PMID:Neonatal sepsis. 389 74

The acute effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were assessed in DBA/2Ibg, C57BL/6Ibg and C3H/2Ibg mice. The DFP was administered by intraperitoneal injection in saline. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was maximally inhibited within 5 min after injection. All mice showed signs of organophosphate intoxication including salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, respiratory distress, tremor and, at high doses, seizures. The C57BL mice were most susceptible to these effects of DFP. The LD50 values for DFP were 8.0, 7.6, and 6.8 mg/kg for male DBA, C3H, and C57BL mice, respectively. The LD50 values for females were nearly the same. Body temperature and brain AChE activity decreased in a dose-dependent manner following injections of DFP of 3.17, 4.22, 5.28, and 6.33 mg/kg. Maximum temperature depression occurred 2 hours after DFP administration; by 24 hours temperatures had returned to normal except for C57BL mice treated with the highest dose of DFP. The C57BL strain was most susceptible to the DFP-induced hypothermia, the C3H strain was the most resistant, and the DBA strain was intermediate. Maximum temperature depression and residual AChE activity, as measured 24 hours after injection, were linearly related. These strain differences do not seem to be explained easily by a differential inhibition of AChE activity.
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PMID:Genetically determined differences in acute responses to diisopropylfluorophosphate. 399 71

To investigate the effect of cold water on swimming four men who declared themselves good swimmers were immersed fully clothed on separate days in water at 23.7 degrees and 4.7 degrees C. The time that they were able to swim in the cold water was much shorter than in the warm. The two shortest swims ended after 1.5 and 7.6 minutes, before rectal temperature fell, when the men suddenly floundered after developing respiratory distress with breathing rates of 56-60/min. The other cold swims, by the two fattest men, ended less abruptly with signs of general and peripheral hypothermia.It is concluded that swimming in cold water was stopped partly by respiratory reflexes in the thin men and hypothermia in the fat, and partly by the cold water's high viscosity. The longer swimming times of the fat men are attributed largely to their greater buoyancy enabling them to keep their heads above water during the early hyperventilation.The findings explain some reports of sudden death in cold water. It is clearly highly dangerous to attempt to swim short distances to shore without a life-jacket in water near 0 degrees C.
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PMID:Sudden failure of swimming in cold water. 576 50

South Africa is unique in many ways, including the state of health of its children. Discussion focuses on vital statistics -- perinatal and infant mortality rates, disease profiles, nutritional status; and demographic and socioeconomic data -- African communities, Indian communities, coloured communities, and social expenditure. The perinatal mortality rate for africans in Natal and Kwa Zulu varies from 19.7-51.9/1000 in the smaller hospitals. At the main teaching hospital in Durban, the King Edward viii, it was 75.8/1000 in 1980. The most common causes of death in the rural babies weighing more than 1500 gm were septicemia, asphyxia, meconium aspiration, and tetanus neonatorum. In those under 1500 mg the most common causes were respiratory distress, intracranial hemorrhage, and hypothermia. The main causes of the high perinatal mortality among Africans at King Edward viii Hospital were amniotic fluid infection syndrome, abruptio placenta, hypoxia, hypertension, and congenital syphilis. Accurate data for infant mortality rates for Africans are unavailable. Available data show considerable variation. The official infant mortality rates given by the State Health Department for 1975 for the country as a whole were 20.1/1000 for whites, 100.2/1000 for Africans, 104.0/1000 for coloureds, and 34.7/1000 for Asians. Black children under age 5 make up 16% of the total population but account for 55% of total deaths, whereas white children of this age make up 11% of the population and account for only 7% of total deaths. Of the 7688 admissions of African children to King Edward viii Hospital in 1980, more than 80% were due to infections, and the overall mortality in these patients was 20%. The percentage of children below the 3rd centile for weight was 6-12% for infants under 1 year old, 20-55% in children aged 1-6 years, and 30-70% in school age children. The percentage stunted (below 3rd centile for height) varied from 22-66% in preschool children. At King Edward viii Hospital, approximately 40% of children admitted are malnourished. In the main the majority of blacks are poor, illiterate, and living in overcrowded conditions. Many are unemployed or employed away from home, which causes serious disruption of family life with such consequences as teenage pregnancies and malnutrition. The mortality rates, disease profiles, and socioeconomic status of the whites in Sourh Africa are similar, and often superior, to those in Western countries. The reason for this discrepancy in the state of health and socioeconomic development of population groups is the government's policy of separate but unequal development; the policy of apartheid that reserves 87% of the land for 16% of the people, the white minority.
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PMID:The health of children in South Africa: some food for thought. 614 93

We introduced a rapid rewarming technique as part of standard therapy in 16 newborn infants with effects of severe environmental hypothermia. On admission, mean rectal temperature was 31.0 +/- 2.7 degrees C, mean gestational age was 33.4 +/- 4.5 weeks, and mean birth weight was 1.76 +/- 0.71 kg. Thirteen infants were admitted within 30 hours of delivery, and the remainder at 2 to 3 weeks of age. Infants were rewarmed under a radiant warmer. The mean time required to reach a rectal temperature of 36.5 degrees C was 3.96 +/- 2.37 hours. Major medical entities encountered included thrombocytopenia (eight patients), metabolic acidosis (eight), respiratory distress (eight), renal failure (six), apnea (four), patent ductus arteriosus (four), seizures (four), intracranial hemorrhage (three), infection (three), and necrotizing enterocolitis (two). No complications could be attributed to the rapid rewarming technique. Of three infants who died, all weighed less than 1.25 kg at birth. This 81% survival is in contrast to the high mortality (25% to 50%) noted previously among infants treated by gradual rewarming.
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PMID:Improved prognosis in severely hypothermic newborn infants treated by rapid rewarming. 647 Aug 70

Besides oxygen administration and immaturity of the premature retinal vessels, there are other risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia: (1) respiratory distress syndrome; (2) multiple episodes of bradycardia apnoea; (3) exchange transfusions; (4) hyaline membrane disease; (5) anemia of prematurity; (6) hyperbilirubinemia; (7) avitaminosis E; (8) cardiovascular defects; (9) infectious diseases; (10) multiple births; (11) hypocalcemia; (12) hypothermia; (13) hemorrhagic tendency; (14) delayed coaptation of the retina, and (15) spastic diplegia.
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PMID:Risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia. 668 25

One hundred and forty-six infants of 34 weeks' gestation or less were repeatedly scanned by means of real-time ultrasound to diagnose the presence of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), its severity, and the timing of onset of the condition. We describe a new method for grading the extent of the IVH which does not depend on ventricular size. IVH was clearly present in 52 (36%) of the 146 infants and in 32 (50%) of the 64 infants of 30 weeks' gestation or less. Repeated scans accurately timed the onset of IVH in 41 infants, and 32 (78%) had the first sign of IVH before 72 hours of age. Thirty-two clinical factors were analysed for possible correlation with the development of IVH: outborn compared with inborn, administration of sodium bicarbonate, hypothermia, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, continuous positive airways pressure, hypercapnia, severe acidosis, and respiratory distress syndrome all reached statistical significance. Analysis of variance showed that respiratory distress syndrome was the most important factor, but severe acidosis had some independent action on the development of IVH. Seventeen (81%) of 21 infants with hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 6 kPa) together with severe acidosis (pH less than 7.1) developed IVH, of which more than half was moderate or severe in degree.
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PMID:Risk factors in the development of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm neonate. 709 4


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