Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polypeptides are endogenous agents, involved in the regulation of many physiologic functions and the pathogenesis of several diseases. Polypeptide antagonists form a group of new chemical entities which may provide valid therapeutic agents. Some polypeptides (angiotensin, kinins) are released through the action of proteolytic enzymes (renin, kallikreins) and act as hormones or autacoids; others (substance P, neurotensin) are synthetized by nervous cells to serve as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. The main homeostatic role of the renin-angiotensin system is to uphold high systemic arterial blood pressure. Overproduction of renin and insufficient checking of renin secretion are among the most common causes of arterial hypertension. Several forms of arterial hypertension (neurovascular, idiopathic) benefit from a reduction in renin-angiotensin system activity. This is achieved either through decreasing renin secretion, by inhibiting conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, or through blocking the peripheral actions (at the receptor sites) of angiotensin II. Renin secretion is very significantly reduced by beta-blocking agents (propranolol); conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II is inhibited by teprotide, captopril and their derivatives; peripheral actions of angiotensin II are blocked by saralasin. Bradykinin and related agents produce vasodilation, increase vascular permeability and stimulate pain fibers. Kinins thus reproduce the cardinal features of inflammation and are held to be mediators of the inflammatory reaction. The substance P neuropeptide is found in the brain and bowel; it may act as a transmitter of the sensation of pain at the spinal cord and central nervous system sites. Among other effects outside of the brain, substance P is a potent vasodilator and inhibits renin secretion. Neurotensin is a neuropeptide which produces hypothermia, muscular relaxation and analgesia. Outside of the brain, this peptide is involved in the regulation of gastric secretion, intestinal motility and insulin and glucagon secretion. The vasoactive intestinal peptide, found in certain cholinergic nerve endings, is a large peptide which inhibits gastric secretion, intestinal motility and vascular tone.
 ...
PMID:[Polypeptides and antagonists]. 620 6

The behavioural and histological effects of unilateral or bilateral lesions induced by kainic acid injections into the globus pallidus were investigated in rats. Both lesions provoked a behavioural syndrome similar to those seen in animals treated systemically with neuroleptics or opiates. Animals displayed akinesia, ptosis, catalepsy, hypothermia and muscular rigidity. Also a marked hypersensitivity to touch, and a sensory neglect to touch and pain limited to hindlegs, adipsia, aphagia and high mortality of lesioned rats were observed. These symptoms were much stronger and lasted longer (catalepsy lasted over 15 days) in bilaterally lesioned animals. Subcutaneous injections of apomorphine in bilaterally lesioned rats abolished akinesia and catalepsy while rigidity and ptosis were unaffected. In unilaterally lesioned rats in which the lesion-induced spontaneous catalepsy already disappeared the spiperone-induced catalepsy was suppressed while in bilaterally lesioned animals which showed still pronounced lesion-induced catalepsy the spiperone-induced catalepsy was unchanged when compared to the sham-operated rats. Our results and the literature data suggest that the lesions of the globus pallidus produce biphasic effects: spontaneous catalepsy and unchanged neuroleptic catalepsy in the first phase and suppression of the neuroleptic catalepsy in the second phase. The role of the globus pallidus as a distal link (for neostriatum and n. accumbens) in neuronal chain forming a matrix of central patterns of catalepsy, akinesia and rigidity is discussed.
 ...
PMID:A biphasic influence of globus pallidus lesions: spontaneous catalepsy followed by anticataleptic effect. 635 69

Alterations in the behavior of a critically ill patient, commonly referred to as ICU psychosis, may result from the physiological stresses incurred by these patients compounded by disruptions from environmental noises. Research has demonstrated that noise levels can greatly affect sleep stage progression as well as the frequency of awakenings in normal subjects during brief testing sessions. Furthermore, the ability to solve problems and tolerate frustration decreases when persons are exposed to noise. Clinical research studies have reported the excessive noise levels in everyday ICU equipment and procedures, such as hypothermia blankets, ventilators, and intermittent positive pressure breathing. Yet when patients were polled about the most disturbing noises, staff conversations and personnel activity were ranked among the highest. In addition, a direct relationship between level of noise and the amount of pain medication administered to patients was reported. Recommendations for the elimination of most noise within an ICU were personnel related. Being more cognizant of conversational topics and noise levels could greatly reduce the patient's level of irritability and feelings of impersonalization. Specific issues regarding current practice, staff behavior, and structural design were addressed. Thus familiarity with behavioral and clinical research regarding noise and its effect on man's behavior can serve as a guideline to the improvement of the quality of care that the critically ill patient receives.
 ...
PMID:The behavioral effects of noise on man: the patient with "intensive care unit psychosis". 655 86

At Harrison County Hospital in Corydon, Indiana, hypothermia and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (TENS) have greatly decreased the use of postoperative analgesics and narcotics in controlling postoperative pain. There was a significant reduction in ecchymosis and edema of the foot and ankle as well as postoperative pain under the program used at this hospital.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of hypothermia and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in podiatric surgery. 660 50

From analysis of observations over 61 spinal patients with acute and neglected injuries to the spinal cord the authors conclude that the use of local hypothermia of the spinal cord in the postoperative period has a favorable effect: reduces the muscle tonus, prevents edema, pain formation, and hemorrhage occurring after surgical intervention on the spinal cord, and produces an analgesic effect. Further mastering of the techniques of hypothermia is necessary.
 ...
PMID:[Method of using local hypothermia of the spinal cord in spinalized patients during the postoperative period]. 665 99

Capsaicin modulates animal pain perception, increasing chemosensitive and pressure thresholds following systemic administration, increasing thermal thresholds following intrathecal administration, and decreasing electric shock thresholds following intracerebroventicular (ICV) administration. Since morphine analgesia is decreased in a dose-dependent manner following ICV capsaicin, the present study examined whether ICV injections of capsaicin (0, 25, 50, 100 micrograms) would alter other analgesic responses as well. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the analgesic response to a 450 mg/kg dose of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was significantly reduced by the 25 and 50, but not the 100 micrograms capsaicin dose. Further, while analgesia induced by cold-water swims (CWS) in a 2 degrees C bath was significantly attenuated by the 25 micrograms capsaicin dose, the entire dose range eliminated analgesia induced by CWS in a 15 degrees C bath. Experiment 2 indicated that the capsaicin-induced alterations in CWS analgesia were not attributable to parallel changes in CWS hypothermia. Experiment 3 demonstrated that capsaicin failed to alter both the non-opioid analgesic response induced by 20 inescapable foot shocks (FS) and the opioid analgesic response induced by 80 FS. These data are discussed in terms of the similarities to and/or dissimilarities from capsaicin-induced effects upon morphine analgesia.
 ...
PMID:Capsaicin treatment and stress-induced analgesia. 668 8

Alterations in both physiologic and behavioral functions were assessed in unanesthetized rats after a unilateral injection of kainic acid (KA) in the striatum. The immediate behavioral effects were dyskinesias, head swaying, circling, tail elevation, hyperpnea and marked salivation. The induced behavioral responses lasted for about 14 to 18 h. Rats with intrastriatal KA injection, although showing no thermoregulatory deficit at both moderate (22 degrees C) and hot (30 degrees C) environmental temperatures, displayed a lower metabolism and a lower rectal temperature than the preinjection controls in the cold (8 degrees C) environment. In addition, the hypothermia induced by intrastriatal administration of apomorphine (dopamine agonist) was greatly antagonized by pretreatment with intrastriatal injection of KA. Furthermore, intrastriatal infusions of KA (1 microgram in 0.5 microliter) also caused a decrease in pain threshold (or in the latency to the hind-paw lick on the hot plate test), hypophagia, polydipsia, and weight loss. The induced alterations in thermoregulation, pain reflex, and ingestive behavior lasted for about 7 days. These data indicate that striatal neurons are involved in the central control of motor activity, thermoregulation, the pain reflex, and ingestive behavior.
 ...
PMID:Effects of kainic acid injections in the striatum on physiologic and behavioral functions in conscious rats. 669 Mar 26

The authors analyse their observations over 19 patients with acute and neglected trauma of the spinal cord. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 53 years. The planned and emergency operations on the 19 patients comprised laminectomy with the use of an optic magnifier and some plastic operations on the spinal cord with the use of microsurgical techniques (suturing of roots, opening intracerebral cysts, etc.). Local hypothermia was applied in the postoperative period for the prevention of hemorrhage and oedema of the spinal cord, for relief of spasms and pain, and for the inhibition of auto-immune processes in the spinal cord. The authors confirm that local hypothermia of the spinal cord does not affect body functions and exerts a selective effect on the area exposed to hypothermia. The general positive effect of local hypothermia of the spinal cord in the postoperative period is also pointed out.
 ...
PMID:[Local hypothermia of the spinal cord in the postoperative period]. 713 94

The relative importance of different effector mechanisms of thermoregulation may change depending on their availability. Intact rats make only limited use of a learned response on a cold ambient temperature stimulus, and rely almost entirely on autonomic regulatory functions. After destruction of the anterior hypothalamus, rats exhibit a reduced thermoregulatory capacity; i.e. body temperature drops in the cold and rises in the heat. Under this situation a conditioned operant behavior (lever pressing for increasing or decreasing ambient temperature) becomes an important factor to keep body temperature almost constant. Receptor blockers of some putative transmitters in central thermoregulatory pathways influence thermoregulation. Phentolamine induces hypothermia in intact rats in the cold. Hypothalamic lesions are additive in effect with with the drug. Pimozide has no effect neither in the cold nor in the heat intact and lesioned rats. Biperiden in the heat reinforces hyperthermia in intact and lesioned rats as well; in the cold the drug is ineffective. Performance of lesioned rats in an operant pain titration procedure does not differ from intact rats.
 ...
PMID:Operant thermoregulation of rats with anterior hypothalamic lesions. 732 50

To evaluate relative efficacy, safety, and time course of analgesia, nefopam (45 and 90 mg), a new centrally acting nonnarcotic analgesic, was compared with propoxyphene (65 mg) and placebo in a single oral dose, parallel, stratified, randomized, double-blind trial with 100 hospitalized postpartum women with medium or severe episiotomy pain. Using subjective reports as indices of response, patients rated pain intensity and side effects at periodic interviews for 6 hr. After 45 and 90 mg nefopam, 21 of 25 and 20 of 25 patients (p less than 0.01) reported more than 50% reduction of pain, whereas after 65 mg propoxyphene 18 of 25 (p less than 0.05) and after placebo 11 of 25 reported reduction in pain. Relative efficacy, based on summed pain intensity differences, showed measurable but modest dose-dependent analgesia with nefopam, suggesting that the effectiveness of 65 mg propoxyphene lay between 45 mg nefopam and placebo. Side effects included mild dizziness and hypothermia after nefopam and mild elevation of diastolic arterial pressure after nefopam and propoxyphene. Our results suggest that 45- and 90-mg doses of nefopam induced more analgesia than 65 mg propoxyphene in the relief of episiotomy pain.
 ...
PMID:Nefopam and propoxyphene in episiotomy pain. 735 9


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>