Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Problems encountered regarding the examination in forensic pathology are variable, even if the field of interest in limited to trauma alone. The most important problem appears to be the establishment of a causal relationship between the trauma and the death of the victim. From the materials I have contributed concerning examinations in forensic medicine, the problems inherent in the examination of the victim of traumatic shock may be introduced. The results from animal studies, which have been attempted to provide an experimental background to support the observations, are also discussed. My personal opinions on several trial cases in which there was a disagreement of opinion regarding the examination results will also be expressed. 1. Distinguishing death due to traumatic shock from death due to disease In the "Yacht school" incident, children with emotional disturbances and youths with a history of misconduct were treated with training which included physical punishment. Autopsy findings were compared between a 13-year old boy who was concluded to have died of traumatic shock from numerous beatings and a 21-year old youth who died of hemorrhagic pneumonia. In my opinion, a causative role of injury in the death was found in both cases. 2. Shock due to tourniquet This autopsy case concerns a 23-year-old male who entered a yoga training center, was tightly bound with a rope and died on the 8th day. Histological examination revealed thrombus formation in the small blood vessels and leukocyte agglutination within the blood vessels of the alveolar wall, suggesting DIC. While these findings were thought to be almost indistinguishable from those found in traumatic shock, the background conditions, including hunger, dehydration and hypothermia cannot be neglected in the evaluation. 3. Child abuse In one incident, a mother and her lover beat a 25-month old girl every day until her death. The original examination concluded that the cause of death was traumatic shock due to multiple trauma over the entire body caused by both adults. A second examination concluded that the cause of death was delayed suffocation due to binding of the chest and compression against a mattress. Based on an overall evaluation of the circumstances at the time of detection (including photographic evidence) as well as the contents of the statement made by the lover, I inferred that the head-down hanging of the child in the bathtub by the lover was directly related to the cause of death. In my opinion, the liability of the two adults in the crime was not the same.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Problems regarding the examination in forensic medicine]. 262 31

Comparisons between early daytime and early nighttime effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) injections on food and water intake and rectal temperature were made. Food intake was significantly enhanced by 2DG injections regardless of the phase of the light cycle. In the daytime, water intake was increased by a lower dose of 2DG (200 mg/kg, IP) but there was no further increase at a higher dose (400 mg/kg). At night, the lower dose of 2DG had no effect on water intake but the higher dose suppressed the water intake normally associated with feeding. Administration of 2DG reduced preprandial rectal temperature in a dose dependent fashion in both phases of the light cycle. However, preprandial rectal temperatures were decreased more at night than during the daytime after injection of the higher dose of 2DG. Therefore, 2DG-induced hypothermia is dependent on both the dose of 2DG injected and the phase of the light cycle in which glucoprivation is produced. Furthermore, below a certain level of body temperature, rats markedly reduced drinking behavior while maintaining but not increasing their feeding response to 2DG-induced glucoprivation. These results suggest that behaviors may be directed toward preservations of body temperature in preference to relief of hunger by eating and of thirst by drinking.
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PMID:Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food and water intake and body temperature in rats. 370 71

Opioid peptides may act as neuromodulators in the central nervous system to conserve energy stores and water in mammals. To examine this hypothesis in man, the effect of opiate receptor blockade with naloxone on the hunger, thirst, and hypothermic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced glucoprivic stress was assessed. Opiate receptor blockade decreased stress-induced food intake but did not reduce marked increases in hunger produced by glucoprivation. Naloxone infusions did not change the hypercortisolemic, polydipsic, hypothermic, and thermogenic response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. While these results do not suggest a major role for a beta-endorphin modulation of stress-induced hunger, hypothermia and water conservation, the reduction of food intake could be due to augmented satiety, perhaps associated with retardation of gastric emptying during opiate receptor blockade.
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PMID:Opiate receptor blockade in man reduces 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced food intake but not hunger, thirst, and hypothermia. 629 33

This study examined the localized action of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on monoamine transmitter activity in the hypothalamus of the unrestrained rat as this peptide induced hypothermia, spontaneous feeding or both responses simultaneously. A guide tube was implanted in the anterior hypothalamic pre-optic area (AH/POA) of Sprague-Dawley rats. Then either control CSF vehicle or NPY in a dose of either 100 ng/microliter or 250 ng/microliter was perfused by push-pull cannulae in this structure in the fully sated, normothermic rat. Successive perfusions were carried out at a rate of 20 microliters/min for 6.0 min with an interval of 6.0 min elapsing between each. Samples of perfusate were assayed by HPLC for their levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and their respective metabolites. Whereas control CSF was without effect on body temperature (Tb) or feeding, repeated perfusions of NPY over 3.0 hr caused dose-dependent eating from 4 to 39 g of food, hypothermia of 0.9 to 2.3 degrees C or both responses concurrently. As the rats consumed 11-39 g of food, the efflux of NE, MHPG, DOPAC and 5-HT was enhanced significantly, whereas during the fall in Tb the efflux of NE, DOPAC and 5-HIAA from the AH/POA increased. When the Tb of the rat declined simultaneously with eating behavior, the levels in perfusate of DOPAC and HVA increased significantly while MHPG declined. During perfusion of the AH/POA with NPY the turnover of NE declined while DA and 5-HT turnover increased during hypothermia alone or when accompanied by feeding. These results demonstrate that the sustained elevation in NPY within the AH/POA causes a selective alteration in the activity of the neurotransmitters implicated in thermoregulation, satiety and hunger. These findings suggest that both DA and NE comprise intermediary factors facilitating the action of NPY on neurons involved in thermoregulatory and ingestive processes. The local activity of NPY on hypothalamic neurons apparently shifts the functional balance of serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons now thought to play a primary role in the control of energy metabolism and caloric intake.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y perfused in the preoptic area of rats shifts extracellular efflux of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin during hypothermia and feeding. 882 34

The vagus nerve may indirectly influence thermoregulation by modulation of energy balance: its afferent fibers convey signals that represent information on feeding state, resulting in either depression or stimulation of metabolic processes. A regulated metabolic depression can be detected in the background of fasting-induced hypometabolism and hypothermia. In its development (besides humoral signals) vagally transmitted neural signals of gastrointestinal and hepatoportal origin are important. These signals are related to hunger, to decrease of mechanical/chemical stimuli from the gut, to decline of blood glucose; they alter discharge rates of vagal afferents and activity of the nucleus of the solitary tract, eliciting inhibition of metabolic rate and enhancement of food intake. In this hunger-related metabolic inhibition the nucleus of the solitary tract is in interaction with hypothalamic nuclei, that contribute to neuropeptide changes characterized by high neuropeptide Y activity (with energy-conserving type of regulation) and depressed cholecystokinin and corticotropin releasing hormone activities (with depressed energy-expenditure). In postalimentary states the hypermetabolism and hyperthermia are due to opposite changes in metabolic regulation. Satiety-related stimulatory signals of abdominal origin, transmitted via hepatic vagal afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract, contribute to enhancement of sympathetic activity and stress-responsiveness, leading to hypermetabolism and hyperthermia. Depressed neuropeptide Y release and enhanced cholecystokinin and corticotropin releasing hormone activities participate in the central regulatory changes, and in the high energy-expenditure. The biological role of these vagal functions is not directly the regulation of body temperature, rather the regulation of energy balance and energy content in the body.
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PMID:The vagus nerve in thermoregulation and energy metabolism. 1118 24

Life in the concentration camps of the Third Reich was like living on another planet. The prisoners, stripped of all rights, experienced constant humiliation, uncertain survival and endless terror. Living conditions were harsh, characterized by crowding, poor sanitation and personal hygiene, lack of proper clothing and heating. The days began early with long marches and slave labor. Sleep was short and interrupted, and fatigue was constant and severe. Above all hoovered the dark cloud of ever-present famine. The prisoners were given about a fourth of the daily calorie requirements, and the food lacked vital components such as vitamins and other essential ingredients. The psychological stress was extreme, yet morbidity and mortality were mainly due to infections, injuries and hunger. Lice, scabies and other skin diseases were common. Typhus fever was ever-present, both endemic and epidemic, with a fatal outcome. Many suffered from tuberculosis, typhoid, dysentery, pneumonia and other infections diseases. Injuries were common, caused by beating, punitive whiplashing and other forms of physical abuse, gunshot wounds and dog-bites. Skull injuries with brain contusions and hemorrhages were prevalent, as well as fractured limbs, ribs and pelvic bones. Blunt injuries to chest and abdomen often had fatal outcomes due to the perforation of viscera and peritonitis or as a result of massive hemorrhage from ruptured blood vessels. The harsh winters were marked by frozen gangrenous limbs and hypothermia. Yet, the most ominous condition was the "hunger disease" with its multiple clinical expressions which, in their extreme form, led to the emaciated "musleman" and eventual death.
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PMID:[Morbidity in the concentration camps of the Third Reich]. 1511 84

Much has been learnt during the last 50 years about the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity and about practical means for minimising them in newborn lambs, kids, bovine calves, deer calves, foals and piglets. The major causes of problems in these newborns are outlined briefly and include hypothermia due to excessive heat loss or to hypoxia-induced, starvation-induced or other forms of inhibited heat production. They also include maternal undernutrition, mismothering, infection and injury. The published literature reveals that the scientific investigations which clarified these causes and led to practical means for minimising the problems, involved iterative successions of self-reinforcing laboratory and field or clinical investigations conducted over many years. These studies focused largely on solutions to the problems, not on the suffering that the newborn might experience, so that an analysis of the associated welfare insults had not apparently been conducted until now. The present assessment focuses on potentially noxious subjective experiences the newborn may have. The account of the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity outlined early in this review indicates that the key subjective experiences which require analysis in animal welfare terms are breathlessness, hypothermia, hunger, sickness and pain. Reference to documented responses of farm animals and, where appropriate, to human experience, suggests that breathlessness and hypothermia usually represent less severe neonatal welfare insults than do hunger, sickness and pain. Major science-based improvements in the management of pregnancy and birth have markedly reduced the overall amount of welfare compromise experienced by newborn farm animals and further improvements may be expected as knowledge is refined and extended in the future.
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PMID:Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. 1530 60

The data on the composition of forces of medical services and organization of medical-evacuation support for troops defending the blockaded Leningrad are presented. The information about the health losses among the population of Leningrad as a result of bombing, shelling and disease is given. Extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality in residents were associated with hunger, hypothermia and emotional stress. The clinical picture of some diseases has different peculiarities because of alimentary dystrophy background. The city health service suffered huge losses: 482 medical institutions were destroyed, only about 300 people from 1.5 thousand of medical personnel in 1942 saved working capability. The health care service of the local air defense played an essential role in delivery of medical aid. The contribution of civil and military health workers in saving residents lives in the blockaded Leningrad was appreciated.
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PMID:[Organization of medical support for troops, defending Leningrad and the people of the blockaded city]. 2645 30