Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the importance of bacteremia in hospitalized patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh, from September 1982 through August 1983 the authors obtained blood for culture from 1,824 patients who were suspected of having sepsis (44% of all admissions). Nontyphoid bacteremia occurred in 243 patients. The most common pathogens were the Enterobacteriaceae (n = 66 episodes), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 65), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-glucose-fermenting bacilli (n = 50), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 40), and Haemophilus influenzae (n = 16). When compared with an equal number of control patients without bacteremia, bacteremic patients were significantly (p less than 0.05) more likely to be under 1 year of age (46.5% of bacteremic patients vs. 30.0% of control patients) and more often had abdominal tenderness (20.1% vs. 11.5%), hypoproteinemia (a serum protein level less than 60 g/liter) (58.9% vs. 42.9%), and a prior intravenous infusion (49.0% vs. 30.9%). The case-fatality rate was 29.7% in bacteremic patients versus 7.8% in controls (relative risk (RR) = 3.8, p less than 0.001). Factors that were associated with an increased risk of death in bacteremic patients were infection with a Gram-negative pathogen (RR = 2.48), decreased peristalsis (RR = 2.66), hypoproteinemia (RR = 3.36), hypothermia (RR = 2.54), and hypotension (RR = 2.19). Bacteremia appears to be an important link between diarrheal illness and death in Bangladesh. In children with diarrhea who are suspected of being septic, early implementation of antimicrobial therapy that is effective against the broad range of pathogens identified appears to be indicated.
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PMID:Bacteremia during diarrhea: incidence, etiology, risk factors, and outcome. 200 Aug 55

One of the important medicinal properties of ginger is known to remove chills caused by common cold and to warm body. In the present study, acetone extract of ginger at 100 mg/kg p.o. significantly inhibited serotonin (5-HT) induced hypothermia. Therefore, the active constituents of ginger were further examined. The acetone extract was functioned into 4 fractions by column chromatography. Fractions 1 and 2 showed significant activity. Fraction 2 was further purified and [6]-shogaol which was obtained from fraction 2-2, at 10 mg/kg p.o. was shown to inhibit 5-HT induced hypothermia. Anticathartic activity is known to be one of the medicinal effects of ginger. In the present study, acetone extract of ginger at 75 mg/kg p.o., significantly inhibited 5-HT induced diarrhea. In order to clarify the active constituents, the acetone extract was fractionated into 4 fractions by silica gel chromatography. Fractions 2 and 3, which was especially effective, were further purified and [6]-shogoal, [6]-dehydrogingerdione, [8]- and [10]-gingerol were found to have an anticathartic action. [6]-Shogaol was more potent than [6]-dehydrogingerdione, [8]- and [10]-gingerol.
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PMID:[The effect of ginger on serotonin induced hypothermia and diarrhea]. 207 39

In vivo injection of the hamster anti-murine CD3 monoclonal antibody 145 2C11 into BALB/c mice induces a massive systemic release of several cytokines. Very high circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor are detected both by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and L-929 bioassay 90 min following a single injection of 10 micrograms/mouse 145 2C11. Peak circulating levels of exclusively T cell-derived products such as interferon-gamma, interleukin 2 and interleukin 3 are also detected 90 min to 8 h post-injection. Importantly, this cytokine release is transient since none of these cytokines are still present 12 to 24 h post-injection. In parallel to cytokine release, 145 2C11-treated mice (10 micrograms/mouse) exhibit somnolence, hypomotility (quantified by actimetry), hypothermia, diarrhea and piloerection. At this dosage, the physical reaction is not lethal and reverses in all mice by 48 h post-injection. Severe but again reversible anatomopathological changes are also observed: massive cellular depletion, necrosis and edema of lymphoid organs, leakage syndrome and inflammatory cell infiltrates of the lung, cell vacuolization, necrosis and vascular congestion of the liver. All these data are similar to the clinical and immunological manifestations of the OKT3-induced reaction in patients and, thus, provide an invaluable experimental tool to study its mechanisms and explore its prevention.
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PMID:Cytokine-related syndrome following injection of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody: further evidence for transient in vivo T cell activation. 213 57

The aim of the present study was to investigate if a physical dependence could be induced by chronic activation of the endogenous enkephalinergic system. We have therefore evaluated naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome in rats after central infusion during 7 days of comparable antinociceptive doses of RB 38 A ((R,S)HONH-CO-CH2-CH(CH2C6H5)-CONH-CH(CH2C6H5)-COOH), a mixed enkephalin catabolism blocker and of the selective mu, DAGO (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol) and delta, DSTBULET (Tyr-D-Ser(OtBu)-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr), opioid agonists. The responses were compared to those induced by RB 38 B ((S,S)HONH-CO-CH2-CH(CH2C6H5)-CONH-CH(CH2C6H5)-COOH), a selective inhibitor of the 24.11 neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 'enkephalinase'. DAGO induced a severe withdrawal syndrome evidenced by a large weight loss, hypothermia, jumping, mastication, teeth chattering, diarrhoea, lacrimation and salivation. In contrast, DSTBULET and RB 38 A produced only a moderate physical dependence. Only two signs were statistically different in these two groups: wet dog shakes and temperature. Chronic i.c.v. administration of DAGO, DSTBULET and RB 38 A produced a time-dependent reduction in analgesia, but 120 h after continuous infusion only RB 38 A was able to still induce a significative antinociceptive effect. The present data suggest that even in the drastic conditions used here long-term complete inhibition of enkephalin catabolism induces a weak tolerance and a moderate physical dependence, similar to that produced by delta opioid agonists. This effect was not observed after chronic selective inhibition of NEP by RB 38 B.
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PMID:Differences in physical dependence induced by selective mu or delta opioid agonists and by endogenous enkephalins protected by peptidase inhibitors. 216 53

When given a two-bottle choice between gradually increasing morphine concentrations (in 0.2% saccharin) and plain tap water, C57BL/6J mice consumed almost 90% of their daily fluid intake from the morphine-saccharin bottle, while the DBA/2J strain, in contrast, consumed 13% or less from the morphine-saccharin solution. The C57BL/6J strain consistently consumed mean daily doses of morphine sulfate in excess of 200 mg/kg, which was sufficient to induce an easily discernable withdrawal syndrome upon removal of the morphine solution, either with or without naloxone challenge. Hypothermia, tremor, wet dog shakes, jumping, and diarrhea were prominent withdrawal signs. In separate experiments, the saccharin was removed from the morphine-containing bottle, yet the C57BL/6J mice continued to prefer the morphine solution over tap water. In complete contrast to the above, mice of the DBA/2J strain rejected the morphine-saccharin solution at the lowest concentration employed, and at no time did their mean daily morphine dose exceed 20 mg/kg. Thus, morphine-saccharin preference is strongly genetically determined, and a high degree of physical dependence can result in the morphine-preferring strain. Palatability differences appear not to be the predominant explanation for these differences in morphine-saccharin consumption.
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PMID:Physical dependence induced by the voluntary consumption of morphine in inbred mice. 232 Jun 38

Skin-to-skin mother/infant contact as a means of warmth for newborns of low birth weight (less than or equal to 2500 g) was studied in 132 infants admitted consecutively during the cold season July/September at the Central Hospital in Maputo. The mean (+/- SD) birth weight was 1788 g (+/- 304 g) and the gestational age 34 weeks (+/- 2.7). Fifty-seven (43 per cent) infants were born outside the hospital and were referred. The ambient temperature ranged from less than 22 degrees C to 32 degrees C. Skin-to-skin contact as the principal means of warmth commenced in more than a third by age 3 days and in more than a half by age 5 days after periods of observation to exclude clinical problems. The infants were kept warm using conventional methods during observation. Re-admission to the intensive care unit was required in nine cases: four for diarrhoea; two for respiratory infection; two with jaundice; and one for poor suckling. Infants were discharged home at a mean (+/- SD) weight of 1864 g (+/- 227), and age 15.6 d (+/- 7.9). Skin-to-skin contact, either by itself or in combination with other methods of warmth, was reportedly followed at home by 67 per cent of the mothers who received home visits. No infant needed readmission for hypothermia either from the neonatal wards or after being discharged home. At follow-up, when body weight had reached greater than or equal to 2500 g, the outcome was graded as 'good' in 64; 'satisfactory' in 6; and 'poor' in 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Skin-to-skin contact as a method of body warmth for infants of low birth weight. 260 86

In 45 newly-weaned 3 to 4-week-old piglets, diarrhoea was induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. In untreated control animals this dual inoculation resulted in profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, hypovolaemic shock and death of 77% of the animals within five days of TGE virus inoculation. Antisecretory drugs were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days after experimental infection. The neurolepticum chlorpromazine, at 2 mg/kg/24 h, resulted in a significant inhibition of diarrhoea and vomiting, and in an increase in weight gain and survival. Sedation and hypothermia, however, were serious side-effects. The alpha 2 agonist clonidine, at 80 micrograms/kg/12 h, induced a significant antidiarrhoeal effect and a reduction in mortality. The drug, however, provoked decreased activity of alpha 2-adrenergic excitation and incoordination. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, at 0.33 mg/kg/8 h, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, at 2 mg/kg/8 h, had no beneficial effect on the experimentally induced diarrhoea.
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PMID:Effect of antisecretory drugs on experimentally induced weanling diarrhoea in piglets. 267 57

We investigated the effects of thiorphan, a selective inhibitor of endopeptidase 24.11 'enkephalinase', kelatorphan ((R)-3-(N-hydroxy-carboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)-L-alanine), and RB 38 A ((R)-3-(N-hydroxycarboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)-L-phenylalanine) two almost complete inhibitors of enkephalin metabolism, on the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. Inhibitors administered intracerebroventricularly reduced several symptoms of the withdrawal syndrome. Jumping, chewing and tooth chattering were decreased by all drugs. The rise in plasma corticosterone and the hypothermia were reduced by kelatorphan and RB 38 A whereas rhinorrhea was blocked by thiorphan, tremor by kelatorphan and diarrhoea by RB 38 A. Other signs remained unchanged. These data suggest that an increase in opioid receptor occupancy by endogenous opioid peptides, protected from biotransformation specially by mixed inhibitors reduced the severity of the morphine abstinence symptoms in rats.
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PMID:Comparison of selective and complete inhibitors of enkephalin-degrading enzymes on morphine withdrawal syndrome. 277 28

Nine dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease had clinical and laboratory findings resembling hypoadrenocorticism. The dogs had histories of anorexia, weakness or lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Hypothermia, dehydration, and emaciation also were detected on physical examination. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and abnormally low Na/K ratios were found on laboratory evaluation, but results of ACTH-response tests were not compatible with hypoadrenocorticism. The primary diagnoses were trichuriasis and salmonellosis in 2 dogs, trichuriasis in 5 dogs, and perforated duodenal ulcer in 2 dogs. Most dogs responded to medical or surgical treatment of their primary gastrointestinal disease, and the original electrolyte abnormalities resolved. These findings emphasize the importance of the ACTH-response test in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with clinicopathologic findings similar to those of hypoadrenocorticism.
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PMID:Clinicopathologic findings resembling hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease. 299 Nov 78

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a macrophage product under active study as an anticancer drug. However, this agent can be very toxic and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock. After intravenous injection of human recombinant TNF (4 micrograms/g), growing rats showed an unusual constellation of physiological responses, and all died within 2-4 hr. In 1 hr, TNF caused a sharp fall (2.5 degrees C) in body temperature and a large increase in plasma prostaglandin E2 levels. Blood glucose initially increased, but then a profound hypoglycemia developed by 2 hr. The TNF-treated animals also showed diarrhea, cyanosis, and a severe metabolic acidosis. A single injection of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin or ibuprofen before the TNF treatment completely prevented the rapid killing and reduced eventual lethality by 70%. These agents blocked prostaglandin E2 production and prevented the hypothermia, changes in blood glucose, acidosis, and other symptoms. Since similar physiological changes have been reported after endotoxin injection, our data support the suggestion that TNF production is a critical factor in the development of septic shock. These findings also indicate that increased production of prostaglandins or thromboxanes is important in endotoxic shock and argue that cyclooxygenase inhibitors should be useful in its therapy. Indomethacin did not block the cytotoxic effects of TNF in vitro on several transformed cell lines (HeLa, Me 180, or L929). Therefore, combined use of TNF with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor may allow safer administration of high doses of this polypeptide to cancer patients.
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PMID:The toxic effects of tumor necrosis factor in vivo and their prevention by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. 310 90


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