Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Propranolol is completely absorbed after oral administration and widely distributed throughout tissues. Elimination occurs almost wholly by metabolic transformation in the liver and excretion of the resultant products in the urine. An active metabolite, 4-hydroxypropranolol and possibly other active compounds have been identified; the former only after oral administration. After intravenous administration, hepatic extraction is so efficient that drug clearance is dependent on liver blood flow. After oral administration, propranolol kinetics depend on both dose and duration of therapy, but hepatic extraction remains relatively high and leads in presystemic ('first-pass') elimination and low systemic availability. During continued administration, plasma concentrations vary quite widely due to genetic differences superimposed on which are certain constitutional factors, such as age, and environmental factors such as smoking, other drugs, and perhaps diet. Hepatic, renal, thyroid and some gastrointestinal diseases as well as hypertension, malnutrition and hypothermia may be associated with alterations in propranolol disposition, all of which are consistent with the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacokinetics of propranolol. 37 2

Three breast-fed infants of primiparous women had hypothermia, azotemia, and severe dehydration and malnutrition. No disease entities were identified. Although the cause of inadequate breast nutrition was unclear, these cases underscore the necessity for close follow-up and support of first-born breast-feeding babies.
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PMID:Critical malnutrition in breast-fed infants. Three case reports. 68 6

A survey of blood sugar levels in 868 infants with dehydration from gastro-enteritis is presented. The ages of the patients ranged from 2 to 35 months. In 7,9% of cases, blood sugar levels were 0 -50 mg/100 ml and in 10,2% they were over 200 mg/100 ml. Hypoglycaemia was more common in malnutrition, and a high mortality rate was found in patients with hypo- and hyperglycaemia. Hypothermia was associated with abnormal blood sugar levels. No correlation was found between blood sugar and serum sodium. Aetiology and treatment are briefly reviewed.
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PMID:Blood sugar in infantile gastro-enteritis. 80 65

Although the figure of unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 54 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of the child for its later social attitude, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Motherlike behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mother duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.
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PMID:The death of children following negligence: social aspects. 85 87

Protein energy malnutrition and infection are largely responsible for the very high postneonatal and toddler mortality ratios of developing countries. Availability of food is just one environmental factor in the aetiology of protein energy malnutrition--many others such as size at birth, infection and culture play a role. Diet needs as careful prescription as any other form of therapy, but in the severely malnourished child it is only one aspect of management; care is necessary to avoid or detect 6 complications: hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, encephalopathy, intractable diarrhoea, cardiac failure, and infection. Prevention should be incorporated within the child health services as a whole and delivered with them; however central government, and the food industry from farming to retailing, play an at least as important role as health care professionals.
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PMID:Protein energy malnutrition: problems and priorities. 195 28

The total number of admissions and deaths of patients with shigellosis were ascertained at the Dhaka Treatment Centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 1974-1988, and the characteristics of 67 patients who died were compared with those of 134 discharged alive. Of 9780 Shigella-infected inpatients, 889 (9.1%) died; 32.3% of deaths occurred in children less than 1 year of age. Fatality rates were highest (10.3%) in Shigella sonnei-infected patients and lowest (6.7%) in Shigella dysenteriae type 1-infected patients. Age less than 1 year, lack of breast feeding in patients 1-2 years of age, hypothermia, severe malnutrition, severe dehydration, altered consciousness, abdominal distension, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, renal failure, and bacteremia were all significantly more common in case patients. In a multivariate analysis, younger age, decreased serum protein, altered consciousness, and thrombocytopenia were predictive of death. Thus in Bangladesh the fatality rate for hospitalized patients infected with any species of Shigella remains high despite relatively intensive inpatient care, and young, hypoproteinemic patients are at greatest risk of fatal illness.
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PMID:Death in shigellosis: incidence and risk factors in hospitalized patients. 231 28

Although the figure for unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 80 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of children for their later social adaptation, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Mothering behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mothering duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.
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PMID:[The neglected child]. 309 34

Protein-energy malnutrition occurs when feed is provided to ruminant livestock in insufficient quantity, quality, or both. The clinical syndrome that results from protein-energy malnutrition is not difficult to recognize, but it may be difficult to convince owners of the diagnosis. Development of clinical signs, such as recumbency and hypothermia, may occur rapidly owing to the sudden failure of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the supply of cellular fuels. The ruminant is unique in its response to malnutrition because ruminal microorganisms become malnourished just as their host does. Ruminal maldigestion hastens the onset of clinical signs and makes recovery very difficult and prolonged. Clinical signs of PEM are similar in adult beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goats; however, the typical history of affected animals varies for each of these species. Neonatal ruminants may also be severely affected with PEM if they do not receive sufficient colostrum and milk. Definitive diagnosis of primary PEM requires necropsy of an affected animal. Diagnosis of PEM in an individual animal usually indicates a herd or flock problem that requires immediate attention. If the affected individual is already recumbent, then treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful. Changes in management of the herd or flock that involve ensuring adequate feed intake, minimizing cold and social stress, and meeting the animal's specific nutritional requirements will prevent PEM and maximize production.
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PMID:Protein-energy malnutrition in ruminants. 314 14

Fifty-six hypothermic infants (23 to 34 degrees C), aged four to 113 days, admitted during the winter months over a three-year period are reported. Low weight and malnutrition were frequent findings on admission. One or more severe associated disturbances, including metabolic abnormalities, bleeding tendency, infection, and respiratory failure were observed in most cases. All 56 patients were closely monitored for vital signs and metabolic status. Thirty-eight received conventional slow warming, but 18 of the worst cases received rapid warming. These 18 were among the 24 cases treated in a pediatric intensive care unit. Fourteen of the 56 infants required assisted mechanical ventilation. Fifty-three of 56 infants survived. Of the three who died, none was rapidly warmed, and two of them had severe underlying central nervous system infection. Hypothermia of infancy and the associated disturbances are treatable today, on condition that modern medical facilities are available. It appears that the warming method has been overly stressed.
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PMID:Improved outcome of hypothermic infants. 379 62

Electrophysiological aspects of thiamine depletion in the rat induced by dietary deficiency are described. Behavioral changes as well as qualitative and quantitative alterations in the sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were observed. Thiamine-deficient rats were characterized essentially by ataxia, piloerection, paresis, apparent weakness, and hypothermia after 4-6 weeks on a thiamine-free diet. Basal Purkinje cell firing frequency was unaffected by thiamine deficiency. The response of Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied 5-HT was solely inhibitory in deficient rats. In control rats, however, responses to 5-HT were excitatory, biphasic, or inhibitory. Neurons in the thiamine-deficient animals were more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of 5-HT, as demonstrated by a significant parallel shift to the left of the dose-response curve. Durations of 5-HT effects were similar in both groups. Dose-response relationships for GABA-induced inhibition of Purkinje cell firing from thiamine deficient and control rats did not differ from one another. These data demonstrate a relatively selective effect of thiamine depletion on cerebellar serotonergic neurotransmission assessed electrophysiologically. We believe there is up-regulation of 5-HT receptors on Purkinje cells caused by thiamine deficiency-induced impairment of indoleamine input to the cerebellum from raphe and related nuclei.
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PMID:Enhanced sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied serotonin in thiamine deficiency. 398 3


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