Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurotensin (NT) differentially altered ethanol-induced anesthesia as measured by duration of loss of righting response or by blood ethanol levels producing loss of righting response in mice (LS and SS) which were selectively bred for differences in response to ethanol. At doses of 5-500 ng i.c.v., NT increased ethanol sensitivity in SS mice, but not in LS mice, as measured by blood ethanol concentrations at loss of righting response. At higher doses, 0.5-10 micrograms i.c.v., NT enhanced the sensitivity of both SS and LS mice to ethanol-induced anesthesia. The hypothermic effect of ethanol determined at loss of righting response was not altered in either LS or SS mice at low doses of NT, but at higher doses NT enhanced ethanol-induced hypothermia in both lines of mice. The altered anesthetic sensitivity was specific for ethanol in that NT did not alter pentobarbital-induced sleep time in either LS or SS mice and halothane anesthesia was altered slightly only in LS mice. NT analogues, N-acetyl-NT8-13, and [D-Trp11]-NT but not NT1-8 enhanced the anesthetic action of ethanol in SS mice. Bombesin, cholecystokinin sulfate, substance P, [D-Trp8, D-Cys14]-somatostatin and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF) were not effective in enhancing ethanol-induced anesthesia in LS or SS mice. CRF appeared to decrease ethanol sensitivity in LS but not in SS mice. Beta-Endorphin (beta-END) markedly increased the ethanol sensitivity of SS and to a lesser extent of LS mice at relatively high doses, e.g. 0.5-1.0 micrograms i.c.v. The results of the present study indicate that differences in brain sensitivity of LS and SS mice to ethanol may be mediated by genetic differences in NT systems. Likewise, NT, and probably beta-endorphin, may interact with other neurochemical processes that are involved in the mechanism of ethanol-induced anesthesia and that differ genetically in LS and SS mice.
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PMID:Neurotensin selectively alters ethanol-induced anesthesia in LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg lines of mice. 294 96

The effects of CRF, ACTH 1-24, alpha-MSH, and an ACTH 4-49 analog, at doses of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg, were tested on temperature, ptosis, and sedation in mice pretreated 18 hr previously with reserpine. IP injection of CRF at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg significantly potentiated the reserpine-induced hypothermia while ACTH 1-24 at the same two doses had the opposite effect of significantly reversing the hypothermia as compared to diluent. The highest dose of alpha-MSH exerted a similar action to that of ACTH 1-24, but none of the doses of the ACTH 4-9 analog changed body temperature. beta-endorphin also failed to cause a reliable effect even though naloxone blocked the action of CRF on body temperature. The results suggest that CRF, like other hypothalamic peptides, can exert extra-pituitary actions after peripheral administration.
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PMID:Opposite effects of CRF and ACTH on reserpine-induced hypothermia. 629 33

Based on a case report, the combined occurrence of a hypopituitary crisis and acute renal failure (ARF) is discussed. Aetiologically, the patient's disease dates back to an operation on the pituitary gland 40 years previously followed by a panhypopituitarism. The course of the disease presented initial symptoms which did not suggest a hypopituitary crisis to the first physician. The patient was hospitalized primarily on the tentative diagnosis of encephalitis. Subsequently, both laboratory findings and sonography of the abdomen pointed to chronic renal failure. The severity of the clinical course led to the transfer of the patient to our hospital for haemodialysis. Examination of the soporous patient revealed in addition to symptoms of ARF based on ambilateral pyelonephritic nephrocirrhosis typical cardinal symptoms of an endocrine insufficiency. Sopor, serious exsiccosis, pale, cool, pigmentless skin, deficiency of axillary and pubic hair, gonadal atrophy, hypotonia, hypothermia, bradypnoea and bradycardia as well as anamnesis of the patient substantiated the tentative diagnosis of a hypophysical coma based on hypopituitarism, clinically dominated by hypothyroidism. Following an immediately launched hormone substitution in combination with haemodialysis the state of the patient improved. However, during the fifth haemodialysis cardiac arrest occurred, the cause of which was put down to a dysequilibrium syndrome. The cause, however, must be seen in a continuing stress situation, inadequate hormone substitution and in sedation with diazepam. After reanimation the patient was transferred to the ICU.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pituitary crisis and acute renal failure--a case report]. 814 59

These experiments investigated the effect of either systemic opiate blockade by naloxone (5 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricular CRF (250 pmol), or the two treatments combined, on physiological and endocrine responses of male rats to two types of stress: restraint by itself (representing a psychological stress), and restraint combined with a tail clip (representing an additional mild physical nociceptive stress). Rats were restrained in a plastic container for 15 min, with or without a tail clip. Heart rate, body temperature, and serum corticosterone were measured. The first experiment showed that restraint induced marked tachycardia, maximal at 5 min, and declining thereafter. There was also a pronounced hypothermia, maximal at 10 min, and serum corticosterone was elevated 10 min after the end of the period of restraint. The presence of a tail clip increased the cardioaccelerator response, but had no effect on hypothermia. Naloxone had no effect on heart rate during restraint or on postrestraint corticosterone, but accentuated hypothermia. The effects of naloxone occurred independently of the presence of a tail clip. A subsidiary experiment showed that rats transferred to an unfamiliar cage showed a marked hyperthermic response, as described by others. The second experiment showed that CRF (250 pmol ICV) did not modify the tachycardiac response to restraint, but reduced hypothermia. This also occurred irrespective of the presence of a tail clip. The third experiment investigated the interaction between naloxone and CRF, and showed that the ameliorative effects of ICV CRF on restraint-induced hypothermia were prevented by systemic naloxone, but that neither tachycardia nor corticosterone responses were altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Interactions between corticotropin-releasing factor and endogenous opiates on the cardioaccelerator, hypothermic, and corticoid responses to restraint in the rat. 848 94

Nephron-sparing surgery in renal cell carcinoma is an accepted approach in patients with bilateral carcinomas, solitary kidneys and in patients with chronic renal failure in whom radical nephrectomy would necessitate immediate renal replacement therapy (mandatory indications). Because of the improvement of operative techniques-like renal perfusion in hypothermia or work-bench surgery-over 95% of patients can spared dialysis even if multiple tumors or locally advanced renal cancer is present. Based on the excellent outcome of nephron-sparing surgery in mandatory indications (5-year survival rates over 80%), several centers advocate extending the use of partial nephrectomy to selected patients with a normal opposite kidney (elective indications). Several reports on nephron-sparing surgery in elective indications with a median follow-up time of 40 months document similar survival rates compared to radical nephrectomy. Nevertheless, due to the low incidence of bilateral renal carcinomas (under 2%), only 2 of 100 patients would benefit from this approach. Furthermore, local recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery occurs mostly after 4 years (late recurrence); therefore, it seems doubtful whether the short follow-up times really reveal the the true recurrence rate. The prognosis after development of a local recurrence is poor.
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PMID:[Status of organ preserving surgery in renal cell carcinoma]. 919 36

According to literature data Atracurium besylate is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant akin to the "ideal", insofar as it is governed by the "dose-relaxation time" principle. To secure normal clinical effect, doses in the range 0.4-0.5 mg/kg body mass are recommended, with the maximal manifestation of neuromuscular block occurring within 4.6-7.7 min, and lasting for 35.1 to 39.2 minutes. Maintenance dose: 0.05-0.1 mg/kg body mass. Special emphasis is laid on the fact that at normal temperature and pH the dose/relaxation time ratio is strictly fixed which in turn renders relaxation readily controllable. For the purpose a special table is submitted by the producers (Wellcome Company). As it is well known Atracurium splitting runs a course by the so-called Hoffmann reaction, requiring normal pH and temperature. Atracurium is administered to ten chronic renal failure patients in the course of kidney transplantation, abiding to all requirements and doses recommended by the company. A significant muscle relaxation with virtually twice as long duration (35-101 min) is noted, attributable to the presence of metabolic acidosis ("0.605), interfering with the normal course of the Hoffmann reaction for Atracurium disintegration. In the genesis of the phenomena observed any central mechanisms, e.g. hyperventilation, overdosage of the anesthetic, hypothermia and the like, are ruled out. In patients with acidosis it is advised to handle the muscle relaxant with greater caution.
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PMID:[The use of atracurium besylate (Tracrium) in patients undergoing kidney transplantation]. 937 24

The results of the present study, summarized in Table 2, demonstrate that different species and strains of rodents (rats and mice) and birds (chickens) exhibit rather specific fever response. Systemic administration of LPS caused monophasic elevation in Tb of chickens, biphasic changes in Tb of rats (initial drop followed by an increase in Tb), whereas mice failed to develop hyperthermia and responded by a decreased Tb. The LPS-induced alterations in hypothalamic prostanoid synthesis were also rather species-specific and differ markedly even between the two strains of mice. We failed to find a common direct correlation between LPS-induced changes in Tb and hypothalamic prostanoid production in rodents (rats and mice). This observation is supported by our recent study on age-related changes in fever response in rats, where we found that hypothalami of LPS-treated old and young adult rats produced similar amounts of PGE2 and PGI2, in spite of more pronounced and prolonged hypothermia, and a delayed elevation in Tb of old rats, as compared with young (Fraifeld et al., 1995b). Moreover, the hypothalamus of febrile chickens did not display any detectable activation of PGE2 production, suggesting that PGE2 is not a common central mediator of fever in homeotherms (Fraifeld et al., 1995a). Apparently, the actual body temperature not always reflects the functional state of central thermostat, and increased PGE2 production in hypothalamus would not directly, at least in rodents, lead to body temperature elevation. Furthermore, peripheral effects, including PG-mediated ones, of pyrogens can interfere and even overcome their centrally-mediated effects (Morimoto et al., 1991; Burysek et al., 1993). Previously, we have shown that no additional elevation in hypothalamic PGE2 production occurs in response to doses of LPS over 10 micrograms in rats and 25 micrograms in mice, while the increased doses led to further changes in Tb response (Kaplanski et al., 1993). Morimoto et al. (1991) have considered that PGE2 acts centrally to cause fever and peripherally to cause hypothermia, and, hence, these opposing actions, both being induced by LPS, may act together to determine the final thermoregulatory response. Other possibilities could be related to counterbalance of endogenous antipyretics (Kluger, 1991; Kozak et al., 1995), that may occur not only at the level of thermoregulatory center but also outside the CNS (Klir et al., 1995), and to the existence of PG-independent mechanisms of LPS fever. The latter have been shown for IL-8 (Rothwell et al., 1990; Zampronio et al., 1994) and MIP-1 (Davatelis et al., 1989; Minano et al., 1990; Hayashi et al., 1995; Lopez-Valpuesta and Myers, 1995), which are, apparently, mediated via CRF (Strijbos et al., 1992; Zampronio et al., 1994), and INF-alpha, mediated via the opioid receptor mechanisms (Hori et al., 1991, 1992). However, it has been shown recently that in different species the same pyrogenic cytokines (IL-8) may induced fever via different, PG-independent (in rats; Zampronio et al., 1994) or PG-dependent (in rabbits; Zampronio et al., 1995) mechanisms. It should be noted that fever response is not always accompanied by an elevation in Tb. The final effect of pyrogens on body temperature depends upon the balance between heat production and heat loss, which in turn is highly dependent upon body size and ambient temperature, especially in small animals. Perhaps, the hypothermic response observed in our mice and rats at 22 degrees C may be in part attributed to ambient temperature, which was below a thermoneutral zone. The reduced febrile response is considered, at least in part, to contribute to an increased mortality and prolonged recovery from infections (Kluger, 1986). From this point, it is difficult to suggest whether the hypothermia observed in our mice and rats could be of somewhat adaptive significance. It has been shown that at the ambient temperature of 30 degrees C, Swiss Webster mice can re
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PMID:Brain eicosanoids and LPS fever: species and age differences. 963 34

The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with increased production of cytokines. This systemic inflammatory response characterized by the activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) during and after CPB is well documented. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was performed so as to understand the effects of low-dose methyl prednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) on the circulating levels of serum cytokines and clinical outcome. Twenty patients were randomly divided into two groups on the basis of the administration of low-dose (1 mg/kg) MPSS (n = 10) and placebo (n = 10) into the pump prime solution. All patients were scheduled to undergo a primary elective coronary artery bypass grafting operation. Patients receiving concurrent corticosteroids, salicylates, dipyridamol or anticoagulants were excluded from the study. Other exclusion criteria were concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, insulin-dependent diabetes, congestive cardiac failure, peptic ulcer history, prior cardiac operations, recent (in a one-month period) myocardial infarction and steroid dependency. Mild systemic hypothermia (30-32 degrees C, rectal) was assured during the CPB. Four blood samples were drawn from the radial artery catheter immediately before starting CPB (T1), following protamine administration (T2) and at 24 (T3) and 48 h (T4) after completion of CPB. In each sample, creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), white blood cell (WBC), IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured. IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay methods. Serum IL-6 T2 and serum IL-6 T3 levels were significantly higher than IL-6 T1 levels in both groups (p < 0.001) and (p < 0.01), and there was no significant elevation in serum IL-8 levels in either group. Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the MPSS group at T3 (p < 0.009). There was no significant difference in CK-MB T1 levels between the groups. Although there was no significant difference between CK-MB T1 and T2 levels in the MPSS group, the CK-MB T2 and CK-MB T3 levels were significantly higher than T1 levels in the placebo group (p < 0.001) and (p < 0.05). There was significant elevation of WBC levels at T2 and T3 in both groups without notable difference between the groups (p < 0.05). This study has shown that low-dose MPSS suppresses CPB-induced inflammatory response. Further clinical studies (on larger and higher risk groups) may reveal more information on relations between morbidity and cytokine levels which may have some predictive value on clinical outcome following CPB.
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PMID:Effect of low-dose methyl prednisolone on serum cytokine levels following extracorporeal circulation. 1041 Dec 50

End-stage renal disease remains the primary indication for the use of peritoneal dialysis. The therapy, however, has been used for the treatment of various other clinical conditions. Evidence has accumulated to support the use of peritoneal dialysis to maintain euvolemia, to improve functional status, and to reduce hospitalizations in patients with intractable chronic congestive heart failure. The use of peritoneal dialysis as a modality for core rewarming in patients with severe hypothermia has been established; in selected circumstances, it is probably the therapy of choice. The field of oncology has borrowed heavily from the technique of peritoneal dialysis for administering intraperitoneal chemotherapy; even though the therapy remains largely experimental today, it has great future potential. While efficacious in the treatment of acute, diuretic-resistant volume overload in patients with congestive heart failure and in patients with severe, disabling psoriasis, the introduction of alternative methods of management have rendered the use of peritoneal dialysis obsolete. Finally, the role of peritoneal lavage in the management of patients with pancreatitis remains controversial and is no longer routinely used.
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PMID:Peritoneal dialysis in adult patients without end-stage renal disease. 1104 64

Peritoneal dialysis is a technique that has been used to treat acute renal failure in humans since 1923. Peritoneal dialysis is used in people to manage acute and chronic renal failure, as well as to remove dialyzable toxins (ethylene glycol, barbiturates, and ethanol), reduce severe metabolic disturbances, and for the treatment of peritonitis, pancreatitis, uroabdomen, hypothermia, and fluid overload. In veterinary medicine, acute renal failure is the prevailing indication for dialysis. This report will discuss the pathophysiology of peritoneal dialysis, indications, and contraindications. Catheter selection and placement will be reviewed. Types of dialysate solution will be discussed and the protocol established for instituting peritoneal dialysis. The report will conclude with a discussion of potential complications and methods to minimize them.
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PMID:Peritoneal dialysis in emergency and critical care medicine. 1110 14


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