Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sickle hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell disease, sickle-C disease, and sickle-beta thalassemia. Patients with these disorders commonly suffer a multitude of destructive events to vital organs, especially to the central nervous system, the spleen, the kidney, the lung, and the heart as a result of microvascular plugging by the sickled erythrocytes. Thoughtful preparation for anesthesia and operation, especially when directed by experienced individuals, can greatly reduce the hazard of inducing the sickle crises that formerly plagued individuals with sickle hemoglobinopathies who faced major operations under general anesthesia. The patient must be free of any acute illness, especially one involving the respiratory system. Adequate hydration preoperatively combined with avoiding perioperative hypoxia, hypothermia, and acidosis, the triggers for sickling, will go far toward avoiding sickle-induced complications. Modern transfusion therapy, consisting of multiple small transfusions of Hb A erythrocytes administered over several weeks prior to the operation, not only corrects the chronic anemia but suppresses erythropoiesis of cells containing Hb S in the patient's bone marrow and leaves him or her with a majority of cells containing Hb A. This provides a safety net in case a sickle-inducing insult occurs despite the best efforts to avoid one. Individuals with sickle hemoglobinopathies may require any of the operations common to all children, for example, herniorrhaphy, appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and circumcision, but a significant number will develop calcium bilirubinate cholelithiasis and possibly cholecystitis as a result of the continual increased load of bile salts resulting from the shortened lifespan of the cells containing Hb S. Also, although most individuals with Hb S will gradually suffer splenic infarction by late childhood, a significant number of infants will experience acute splenic sequestration crisis, a life-threatening entity, the recurrence of which is prevented by splenectomy. Several publications have demonstrated that such surgical procedures can be performed in large numbers of patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies without deaths and with minimal morbidity.
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PMID:Surgical management of children with hemoglobinopathies. 144 Jan 54

Gastrointestinal (GI) complications are an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of cardiac surgery. The reported incidence varies between .3% and 5.5% with an associated mortality of .3-87%. A wide range of GI complications are reported with bleeding, mesenteric ischemia, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and ileus the most common. Ischemia is thought to be the main cause of GI complications with hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery as well as systemic inflammation, hypothermia, drug therapy, and mechanical factors contributing. Several nonischemic mechanisms may contribute to GI complications, including bacterial translocation, adverse drug reactions, and iatrogenic organ injury. Risk factors for GI complications are advanced age (>70 years), reoperation or emergency surgery, comorbidities (renal disease, respiratory disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure), perioperative use of an intra-aortic balloon pump or inotrope therapy, prolonged surgery or cardiopulmonary bypass, and postoperative complications. Multiple strategies to reduce the incidence of GI complications exist, including risk stratification scores, targeted inotrope and fluid therapy, drug therapies, and modification of cardiopulmonary bypass. Currently, no single therapy has consistently proven efficacy in reducing GI complications. Timely diagnosis and treatment, while tailored to the specific complication and patient, is essential for optimal management and outcomes in this challenging patient population.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal complications and cardiac surgery. 2520 31