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Query: UMLS:C0020672 (hypothermia)
 17,327 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

74 premature infants with a birth weight of 1000 g or less were hospitalized in the period 1963-1975. 20 babies survived the first 4 weeks of life and 2 died during the second month of life from progressive lung disease. 77% of all patients were mechanically ventilated and 9 ventilated patients survived. The main causes of death were cerebral hemorrhage, severe asphyxia and septicemia. Prognosis was impaired by hypothermia, IRDS, gestational age below 27 weeks and premature rupture of membranes with bacterial infection. At the age of 1 year 8 out of 12 survivors followed up showed normal mental and motoric development. 3 children had minor or obvious signs of cerebral paresis and one further child has partial retrolental fibroplasia. Due to modern intensive care the survival rate of these very small premature babies has now reached 40%. The prognosis is favourably influenced by optimal obstetric and neonatal care, while special precautions should be undertaken to avoid hypothermia. Our results with mechanical ventilation justify the administration of full intensive care to these very small premature babies.
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PMID:[The premature infant below 1000 g]. 99 16

In a retrospective analysis of 2110 admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit, 564 cases of septic shock were identified (26.7% of the total admissions). Septic shock was defined in patients with: (1) clinical evidence of sepsis; (2) fever (greater than 38.3 degrees C) or hypothermia (less than 35.6 degrees C); (3) tachycardia; (4) tachypnea; and (5) inadequate organ perfusion. Inadequate perfusion was defined as hypotension or evidence of peripheral hypoperfusion (poor capillary refill or cyanosis with hypoxemia, oliguria, acidosis or altered mentation). Inotropic support was required to maintain an adequate blood pressure and perfusion in 268 of 564 patients (47.5%). Septic shock with confirmed bacterial infection occurred in 143 patients (143 of 564, 25.2%); these cases were caused by Haemophilus influenzae, type b (59 of 143, 41.3%), Neisseria meningitidis (26 of 143, 18.2%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16 of 143, 11.2%). Eight of 564 (1.4%) cases of septic shock were not clinically apparent on initial evaluation and were diagnosed within 24 hours after admission to the hospital. We conclude that septic shock occurs more frequently in children than previously appreciated and may develop after admission to the hospital.
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PMID:Septic shock in children: bacterial etiologies and temporal relationships. 233

Anterograde amnesia (AA), forgetting of events that occur following a traumatic episode, has recently been demonstrated by using a mild decrease in temperature (hypothermia) as the amnestic agent. However, no data currently exist to indicate if an increase in body temperature (hyperthermia) might affect memory processing in a similar manner. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that increasing the colonic body temperature of the rat to 3-4 degrees C or more above normal during avoidance training produced a significant retention loss when the test occurred 24 hr after training. Slight hyperthermia to 1-2 degrees C above normal did not impair retention. In Experiment 3, AA resulting from an elevation in temperature was reversed by reheating "amnestic" subjects just prior to the 24-hr test. By rapidly reversing hyperthermia immediately after the training trial with a cooling procedure, Experiment 4 demonstrated that hyperthermia-induced AA was not the result of retrograde influences of the heating treatment. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of possible retention deficits which could conceivably follow environmental heat stress or fever hyperthermia resulting from bacterial infection.
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PMID:Anterograde amnesia induced by hyperthermia in rats. 349

The effect of hypothermia on neutrophil circulation and release from bone marrow has been studied. Pigs were anesthetized and maintained at 37 degrees C or surface cooled to 29 degrees C over 60 min. As the core temperature was reduced to 29 degrees C, the number of circulating neutrophils (X 10(9) per liter) fell from 6.0 +/- 0.6 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 by 60 min. No significant change in the number of circulating mature or immature neutrophils was observed over the 4 h of observation at 29 degrees C. Neutrophil demargination after administration of intravenous catecholamines was similar at 37 and 29 degrees C. Steroid stimulation of bone marrow to release neutrophils was markedly impaired at 29 degrees C. Circulating mature neutrophils in normothermic pigs increased from 5.6 +/- 1.2 to 10.4 +/- 1.2 by 120 min after administration of intravenous hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Circulating immature neutrophils increased from 1.7 +/- 0.3 to 5.3 +/- 0.4. At 29 degrees C, no significant changes in the number of circulating mature or immature neutrophils occurred. Endotoxin also failed to stimulate neutrophil release from the bone marrow. Furthermore, a marked neutropenia occurred in hypothermic pigs after intravenous endotoxin, which persisted for the 3 h of observation. Neutrophil circulation and release from bone marrow are compromised by hypothermia, which may increase the risk for bacterial infection.
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PMID:Neutrophil circulation and release from bone marrow during hypothermia. 684 Aug 58

Neonatal sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality as a result of multiple organ system failure, particularly in neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition. Suitable therapies and support are needed both to prevent sepsis and to prevent multiple organ failure. After bacterial infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines trigger the antimicrobial activity of macrophages and neutrophils, resulting in production of reactive species such as H2O2, NO, superoxide and peroxynitrite. However, excess production can lead to host tissue damage. Incubation of either hepatocytes or heart mitochondria from neonatal rats with these reactive species, or with cytokines, leads to impairment of mitochondrial oxidative function, and in an animal model of neonatal sepsis similar results to the in vitro findings have been demonstrated. Recent in vivo studies, using indirect calorimetry of suckling rat pups, show that during endotoxaemia there is a profound hypometabolism, associated with hypothermia. Having determined that cellular oxidative function may be impaired during sepsis, it is of great importance to try to identify therapeutic measures. Much interest has been shown in glutamine, which may become essential during sepsis. It has been shown that hepatic glutamine is rapidly depleted during endotoxaemia. When hepatocytes from endotoxaemic rats were incubated with glutamine, there was a restoration of mitochondrial structure and metabolism. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of glutamine into endotoxic suckling rats partially reversed hypometabolism, markedly reduced the incidence of hypothermia and improved clinical status. These results suggest that glutamine has a beneficial effect during sepsis in neonates.
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PMID:Impaired energy metabolism during neonatal sepsis: the effects of glutamine. 1469 10

Opiate addicts have been shown to have a high susceptibility to bacterial infection. We investigated how treatment with morphine alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in the rat. Chronic morphine alone elevated serum endotoxin levels. Animals treated with morphine and LPS (250 microg/kg) developed hypothermia, decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), increased plasma thrombin anti-thrombin III (TAT) complex, and approximately 67% of animals exhibited progressive intramicrovascular coagulation. Morphine also enhanced LPS-induced leukocyte-endothelial adhesion (LEA), suppressed leukocyte flux, and corticosterone production, and elevated interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 serum levels. Our study presents both the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the potentiated LPS-induced inflammation and accelerated progression to septic shock seen with chronic morphine exposure.
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PMID:Chronic morphine accelerates the progression of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis to septic shock. 1502 69

Competitors in triathlons experience a range of environmental conditions and physiological demands in excess of that found in individual sport events of comparable duration. Consequently, there is a broad range of possible medical problems and complications that must be taken into account when preparing for such races. For most competitors, an Olympic-distance triathlon typically takes between 2-4 hours to complete. This race begins with a swimming segment of 1500 m. Given the wide variety of race venues found around the world, these swims occur in an assortment of water temperatures (from warm to cold) and conditions (from ocean surf to lake calm). Swimmers often exit the water in a state of moderate dehydration and hypothermia and then immediately start the 40 km cycling leg. Many do so in their swimming attire. A wide variety of road surfaces, technically challenging topography, variable environmental conditions and dramatically changing velocities can be encountered on the cycle course. The race concludes with a 10 km running leg. Since it is the final leg, it is often completed in higher ambient temperatures than those encountered at the start, with the athlete possibly running in a significant state of dehydration and fatigue. Other medical problems commonly encountered in triathlon include: muscle cramping, heat illness, postural hypotension, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation, musculoskeletal injuries and trauma, gastrointestinal problems as well as post-race bacterial infection, immunosuppression, sympathetic nervous system and psychological exhaustion, and haemolysis. The rate of occurrence of such events and the severity of their potentially negative outcomes is a function of the methods used by both the race organisers and the competitors to prevent or respond to the conditions imposed by the race. Triathletes also commonly compete in both shorter 'sprint distance' events (in the range of a 0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle and 5 km run) and longer events including both one-half and full Ironman distances (2.5 and 3.8 km swim, 80 and 180 km cycle, 20 and 42 km run, respectively), as well as ultra-distance events that exceed the Ironman distance. In the longer events, the previously mentioned medical considerations are further magnified and additional considerations such as hyponatraemia can also occur. Reducing risk associated with these concerns is accomplished by: taking into account weather and water temperature/conditions data prior to event scheduling; effective swim, cycle and run course organisation and management; environmental monitoring prior to and during the event; the implementation of a water safety plan; provision of appropriate fluid replacement throughout the course; implementation of helmet use and non-drafting regulations in the cycling leg; and competitor knowledge regarding fluid replacement, biomechanical technique, physical preparation, safe equipment and course familiarity. Despite these concerns, triathlon participation appears to relatively safe for persons of all ages, assuming that high-risk adults undertake health screening.
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PMID:Medical considerations in triathlon competition: recommendations for triathlon organisers, competitors and coaches. 1570 78

Larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana serve as important feed in fish and shellfish larviculture; however, they are subject to bacterial diseases that devastate entire populations and consequently hinder their use in aquaculture. Exposure to abiotic stress was shown previously to shield Artemia larvae against infection by pathogenic Vibrio, with the results suggesting a mechanistic role for heat shock protein 70. In the current report, combined hypothermic/hyperthermic shock followed by recovery at ambient temperature induced Hsp70 synthesis in Artemia larvae. Thermotolerance was also increased as was protection against infection by Vibrio campbellii, the latter indicated by reduced mortality and lower bacterial load in challenge tests. Resistance to Vibrio improved in the face of declining body mass as demonstrated by measurement of ash-free dry weight. Hypothermic stress only and acute osmotic insult did not promote Hsp70 expression and thermotolerance in Artemia larvae nor was resistance to Vibrio challenge augmented. The data support a causal link between Hsp70 accumulation induced by abiotic stress and enhanced resistance to infection by V. campbellii, perhaps via stimulation of the Artemia immune system. This possibility is now under investigation, and the work may reveal fundamental properties of crustacean immunity. Additionally, the findings are important in aquaculture where development of procedures to prevent bacterial infection of feed stock such as Artemia larvae is a priority.
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PMID:Exposure of gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana larvae to abiotic stress promotes heat shock protein 70 synthesis and enhances resistance to pathogenic Vibrio campbellii. 1834 42

Sepsis, characterized by a systemic inflammatory state that is usually related to Gram-negative bacterial infection, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although the annual incidence of sepsis is still rising, the exact cause of Gram-negative bacteria-associated sepsis is not clear. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), constitutively secreted from Gram-negative bacteria, are nano-sized spherical bilayered proteolipids. Using a mouse model, we showed that intraperitoneal injection of OMVs derived from intestinal Escherichia coli induced lethality. Furthermore, OMVs induced host responses which resemble a clinically relevant condition like sepsis that was characterized by piloerection, eye exudates, hypothermia, tachypnea, leukopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, dysfunction of the lungs, hypotension, and systemic induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Our study revealed a previously unidentified causative microbial signal in the pathogenesis of sepsis, suggesting OMVs as a new therapeutic target to prevent and/or treat severe sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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PMID:Outer membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli induce systemic inflammatory response syndrome. 2059 24

Neonatal diseases and losses are a common and often unavoidable problem within breeding kennels. Altogether, morbidity and mortality ranges, according to the literature, from 5 to 35%. Among non-infectious causes besides hypoxia during birth, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia and dehydration are mostly responsible for puppy diseases and losses. Approximately 90% of all deaths in hypoxaemic pups occur during the first 2 days. Of 183 pups with hypoxia, 63 died, 92.7% of them within 48 h after birth. Among infectious causes, bacterial infection is the most common cause of neonatal mortality. Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp. and some other micro-organisms are regularly involved in neonatal infections. Post-mortem findings especially document E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. as responsible bacteria. The dam and the environment are suspected as sources of neonatal infections as it was shown by genetic relatedness of responsible bacterial strains isolated in both puppies and their dams. From a total of 517 puppies with bacterial infections, the treatment results documented that parenteral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in 308 neonates showed the best result. Diagnosis of diseases is often made difficult by the absence of variability in clinical signs contrary to adult dogs. Findings during a physical examination in pups differ from those in adults. Furthermore, treatment recommendations have to meet the special conditions in neonates concerning drug metabolism and excretion.
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PMID:Causes, diagnosis and therapy of common diseases in neonatal puppies in the first days of life: cornerstones of practical approach. 2494 63


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