Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020639 (hypoproteinemia)
 1,134 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The benefits of parenteral feeding need no longer be emphasised. However, qualitative and quantitative food supplements raise a certain number of difficulties which should be better known. Infection is the most frequent complication. It may be avoided by strict aseptic precautions throughout parenteral feeding. Hypoglycemia is a major risk owing to the possible consequence. Hyperglycemia and its consequence of osmotic polyuria is more frequent and should be controlled to avoid loss of water and salt. Complications due to the use of lipid emulsions are exceptional when soya oil is used. Hypophosphoremia should be corrected by increasing phosphate intake. Hypocalcemia is common; it is often associated with hypoproteinemia and sometime a low calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency or a sudden increase in phosphate intake. Vitamin deficiencies, hypomagnesemia, and oligo-element deficiencies should be correcty by appropriate supplements.
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PMID:[Parenteral feeding. Prevention of complications in adults during exclusive mid-term parenteral feeding]. 19 99

A total of 75 mothers whose babies under 4 months old were hospitalized with lactation failure were studied. The age of the mothers varied from 16 years to 40 years with a mean of 23.7 years. 50 (66.7%) of the mothers were from the urban areas. 43 (57.3%) of them were primipara and 61 (81.3%) were Hindus. All the mothers given prelacteal feeds comprising water, water with sugar or glucose, milk (goat, cow, or milk powder) to their babies. The commonest cause of lactation failure with insufficient milk or no milk (80%). The age, parity, education, socioeconomic status, religion, family structure, and urban vs. rural residence of mother had a bearing on the occurrence of lactation failure. The initiation of breast feeding was delayed for 2-5 days usually for traditional reasons (77.3%) and because the mothers felt that the milk output was inadequate (92%). Only 4 (5.3%) mothers had complete lactation failure and practiced exclusive top feeding. Of the 71 (94.7%) mothers with partial lactation failure, 41 (54.7%) were giving frequent breast feeds while 30 (40%) were breast feeding occasionally. Relactation was attempted in all cases. Mothers have been motivated to breast feed and were provided adequate rest, nutrition, and psychological support. If lactation was still not established, then metoclopramide was given orally in the 8-hourly dosage of 10 mg for 10 days. If this also failed, nursing supplementer was tried. The relactation attempt was successful in 49 (69.3%) partial and 3 (7.5%) complete lactation failure cases. Relactation failed in 22 (30.7%) mothers with partial lactation failure and 1 (2.5%) mother with complete lactation failure. (26.7%) mothers with partial lactation failure were lost to follow up. Out of 4 cases of complete lactation failure, 1 had severe anemia with hypoproteinemia, the 2nd developed intense dislike of her baby at birth, the 3rd had tuberculosis and was advised not to breast feed, and in the 4th case the mother stopped breast feeding completely because she felt that her milk was unsuitable.
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PMID:Lactation failure. 129

We performed this study to determine if isolated hypoproteinemia and low colloid osmotic pressure cause formation of fetal edema. We successfully operated on six sets of twin fetal sheep at 114 d gestation to insert catheters into arteries and veins of both fetuses, allowing us to chronically perform partial exchange transfusions. One twin underwent protein reduction by repeated partial exchange transfusion over 3 d, and the other twin underwent simultaneous sham procedures. We removed an average of 18 g of protein, causing a 41% decrease in plasma protein concentration and a 44% decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. Vascular pressures, heart rate, hematocrit, plasma osmolarity, arterial pH, and arterial PO2 were not affected by protein reduction or by sham procedure, whereas PCO2 increased by a small amount in both groups. At autopsy, none of the fetuses in either group were edematous. Measurements of total body water by the wet to dry method, chloride space, and amniotic and allantoic fluid volumes were similar in both groups. We conclude that hypoproteinemia of a short duration does not affect the body water content of fetal sheep.
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PMID:Reduction in plasma protein does not affect body water content in fetal sheep. 186 21

The pathophysiology of the nephrotic syndrome (NS), characterized by protenuria, edema, sodium retention and hyperlipidemia, is not clear. We studied the role of some systemic factors on sodium retention in an experimental model of NS. NS was induced in rats by a single subcutaneous injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) (15 mg/100 g); control animals received vehicle. All rats were kept in metabolic cages for 24 days (3 days before and 21 days after PA-injection). Urine was collected daily. Blood samples were obtained every day until day 10, and then every other day up to the end of the study. The rats showed the following alterations after PA injection: a) a rise in serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity (ACEA) and plasma aldosterone (PAldo) at day 1; b) a rise in urinary aldosterone (UAaldoV), azotemia and sodium retention at day 2; c) massive proteinuria (UProt) and decrease in plasma angiotensinogen concentration (PAC) at day 4; d) increases in plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and serum creatinine as well as hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, ascitis and edema at day 5; e) increase in urine volume at day 6. PAldo became normal at day 7; urine sodium (UNaV), PRA and PRC at day 8; UAldoV at day 9; serum urea and ACEA at day 10; urinary volume at day 11; PAC, serum total protein and creatinine at day 12. The edema disappeared at day 11. UProt, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia persisted, though they decreased substantially by the end of the study (day 21). Light microscopy studies revealed normal glomerular morphology, but electron microscopy showed fusion of podocytes before proteinuria. These data suggest that: a) sodium retention was not a consequence of proteinuria or hypoproteinemia; b) sodium retention seems non-related to renin secretion, but may be partially mediated by a fall in glomerular filtration rate or by an increased tubular resabsorption secondary to other factors; c) the increase in PAldo, UAldoV and ACEA are non-related to renin secretion: all occurred before PRA rose; d) water retention, increase in PRA and PRC, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are secondary to the hypoproteinemia.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of experimental nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside in rats. I. The role of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on sodium retention. 223 72

The approach to fluid resuscitation in burn shock continues to be refined in step with improved knowledge of the complex fluid, electrolyte, and protein shifts that characterize this form of shock. Local burn tissue and generalized nonburn tissue edema occur initially after injury because of the release of histamine, which causes increased microvascular permeability. Subsequent edema formation in burned and nonburned tissue occurs according to distinctly different mechanisms. Burn tissue edema forms because of direct thermal injury to endothelial cells and increased burn tissue osmolarity. Nonburn tissue edema is attributed to severe hypoproteinemia caused by protein flux into burn-injured tissue. Interstitial protein depletion in nonburn tissue also increases the ease of water transport into the interstitial space. Cell damage occurs with ischemia caused by decreased perfusion. More cell damage can occur with reperfusion and the subsequent formation of oxygen radicals. Fluid therapy is designed to support the patient's cardiovascular system so as to restore and maintain tissue perfusion. General formulas serve as guidelines for the amount of fluid to infuse; however, fluid therapy should be tailored to the individual patient's needs based on factors such as extensiveness of burns, extremes of age, inhalation injury, pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease, and delayed fluid resuscitation. Ringer's lactate solution is the most common fluid used in the early postburn period. The addition of colloid to resuscitation efforts should begin as microvascular permeability is restored or immediately if the patient presents in frank shock. Continuous monitoring is necessary to judge the adequacy of fluid replacement.
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PMID:Burn shock. 235 24

We determined the effect of a body burn on pulmonary function. Full-thickness burns varying in size from 25 to 70% of total body surface (TBS), were produced in sheep. Resuscitation was performed with lactated Ringer's. We noted an increase in lung transvascular fluid flux as measured by lymph flow, Q1, during the resuscitation period, varying from one- to threefold over baseline with the degree of increase directly proportional to the burn size. The increase in QL could be totally explained by the degree of hypoproteinemia which was also proportional to burn size. Transient pulmonary hypertension 20 +/- 4 to 26 +/- 5 mm Hg and a decrease in PaO2 from 90 +/- 5 to 83 +/- 6 torr occurred in the 50 and 70% burns as well as a significant decrease in lung compliance. These alterations were not due to pulmonary edema as there was no increase in measured lung water. Also, the increase in QL could be prevented by using a combination of Dextran and protein for resuscitation but this had no effect on the hypertension or hypoxia. Burn lymph and venous plasma thromboxane levels were increased during this period of lung dysfunction. Ibuprofen 12.5 mg/kg preburn and 12.5 mg/kg every 2 hours postburn decreased the degree of dysfunction suggesting a cause and effect relationship.
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PMID:Early lung dysfunction after major burns: role of edema and vasoactive mediators. 241 27

Previous studies indicate that a peptide enteral formula significantly attenuates the intestinal water and albumin loss in volume-expanded rats with acute hypoproteinemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative abilities of the fat, carbohydrate, and protein components of the peptide enteral formula to stimulate water absorption and attenuate albumin turnover in intact jejunal segments during hypoproteinemia induced by intravenous infusion of Tyrode's solution (2.5 ml/min/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Radio iodinated albumin movement from blood to lumen was used to estimate mucosal albumin clearance. Net transmucosal water was measured using a volume recovery method. When compared to luminal perfusion with Tyrode's solution (control animals), protein (as a protein hydrolysate) or protein combined with fat significantly enhanced fluid absorption (P less than 0.05) before and during volume expansion. This did not occur with carbohydrates or when carbohydrate was combined with the protein hydrolysate. However, the hypoproteinemia-induced increase in mucosal albumin clearance was significantly (P less than 0.05) attenuated by all solutions containing the carbohydrate component of the diet. These findings indicate that the protein component of the enteral formula is responsible for the enhanced net transmucosal water movement in hypoproteinemic animals. However, the carbohydrate component is largely responsible for the decrease in intestinal albumin clearance.
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PMID:Hypoproteinemia-induced mucosal albumin leakage. Influence of luminal nutrients. 249 88

Previous studies have confirmed the improved tolerance of a peptide enteral compared to standard enteral alimentation in hypoalbuminemic, critically ill patients. Animal studies, including hypoproteinemic, volume-expanded rats, demonstrated that the protein hydrolysate of a peptide enteral formula was responsible for the enhanced absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the composition of small MW peptides (protein hydrolysate) in two commercially available peptide enteral formulas would affect the rate of intestinal absorption and albumin clearance in intact jejunal loops before and during hypoproteinemia induced by iv infusion of Tyrode's solution in Sprague-Dawley rats. Net transmucosal water movement was calculated using a volume recovery method; albumin clearance was calculated using iv radiolabeled albumin. We studied three groups of animals during luminal perfusion with either Tyrode's solution, diet A containing 21% peptides, or diet B containing 56% peptides. When compared to luminal perfusion with Tyrode's solution (control animals), both diets significantly enhanced net transmucosal water absorption before volume expansion (p less than .05). With the induction of hypoproteinemia, diet B continued to stimulate water absorption when compared to control animals (p less than .01). Luminal perfusion with diet A failed to attenuate net water secretion induced by hypoproteinemia. Capillary and mucosal albumin clearance was similar for all groups studied. These findings suggest the percentage of small MW peptides may affect the rate of intestinal absorption in patients with acute kwashiorkor-like hypoalbuminemia.
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PMID:Intestinal absorption of peptide enteral formulas in hypoproteinemic (volume expanded) rats: a paired analysis. 250 Mar

Combination of isolated blood ultrafiltration (IBUF) and hemosorption (HS) produced subcompensation of severe congestive heart failure (CHF) in 10 of 14 patients refractory of IBUF alone and to drug therapy. HS included in the therapy complex was the only way to correct secondary hyperaldosteronism, to reduce antidiuretic hormone blood level, to increase diuresis and natriuresis and to reduce kaliuresis as well as to normalize blood electrolyte level. The withdrawal of excessive water with IBUF and bilirubin and creatinine with HS as well as direct detoxication effect on the liver with HS reduced in most patients hyperbilirubinemia, hypoproteinemia and azotemia--aggravating factors in patients with CHF.
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PMID:[Combined use of hemosorption and isolated ultrafiltration of the blood in patients with refractory heart failure]. 274 68

Application of isolated ultrafiltration (IUF) of blood in 70 out of 100 patients with refractory heart failure (HF) made it possible, acting on some mechanisms of water excretion disorders, to attain the compensation for the HF signs. At the same time the correction of the manifestations of secondary hyperaldosteronism, hypoproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and azotemia was attained only thanks to the presence of the functional reserves of the liver and kidneys. In 35 patients with cachectic HF, IUF failure was determined by marked cardial liver cirrhosis together with depletion of the functional reserves of the cardiovascular system. The lack of sufficient diuresis, hyponatremia, hypoproteinemia, and hyperbilirubinemia may be unfavourable prognostic signs despite the reduction of HF intensity consequent on IUF.
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PMID:[The efficacy of isolated ultrafiltration of the blood in patients with refractory heart failure]. 276 1


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