Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The exceptional growth in risk factor assessment and the efficacy of primary prevention in childhood of atherosclerotic and hypertensive diseases is the subject of entire books that have recently collated the results of multiple investigators (58, 59). It is a topic well beyond the constraints of this review. It appears that the major "adult" CHD risk factors, including elevated total plasma and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, and initiation of cigarette smoking can usually be recognized in children. There are, as yet, no longitudinal studies that control for one or more of these CHD risk factor variables to determine whether future development of CHD could be prevented or ameliorated. In the absence of unequivocal longitudinal studies of efficacy of intervention, prudent, safe, and well-supervised interventions should be carried out only after exhaustive proof of diagnosis (58). The recently summarized data suggest that they hyperlipoproteinemias, high blood pressure, obesity, and initiation of cigarette smoking can (with varying degrees of success) be dealt with during childhood and adolescence.
 ...
PMID:Coronary risk factors in the young. 701 91

This paper reviews key aspects of the relationship of diet to coronary heart disease, as demonstrated in epidemiologic and other research over the last 25 or more years. It summarizes the extensive findings that have demonstrated an etiologically significant association among dietary lipid, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease; between caloric imbalance and two of the major CHD risk factors, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia; on the relationship between habitual diet high in sodium and hypertension. It also reviews the data on the relationship of habitual dietary lipid intake of individuals within a population to the serum cholesterol and CHD risk of individuals, indicating that valid positive findings in this area are consistent with evidence from cross-population epidemiologic studies, controlled experiments on diet change in man, and findings from animal research. It delineates the controlled experiments on diet change in man, and findings from animal research. It delineates the methodological problems that have stood in the way of the sound elucidation of this matter, and of the similar ones making it difficult to fully resolve the issue of the relationship of habitual dietary sodium intake of individuals within a population to their blood pressure. It reviews recent findings on the relationship of diet, particularly dietary lipid and calorie balance, to fractions of plasma total cholesterol, i.e., LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, and summarizes the evidence indicating that recommendations for improved nutrition in the United States--emphasizing sizable reduction in saturated fat and cholesterol intake, moderate decrease in intake of total fat and of refined and processed sugars, and of calories for overweight persons--produce changes in plasma lipidlipoprotein levels that are favorable in all respects. Finally, it summarizes the findings with respect to the marked decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, all cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in the United States from 1968 to 1978, and presents evidence indicating that improvements in life style (eating, smoking, and exercise habits) and control of high blood pressure have contributed significantly to these trends.
 ...
PMID:Diet and coronary heart disease. 704 25

Residential history, diagnosis of three chronic diseases, five clinical measurements and histories of smoking and drinking were obtained from a sample of 615 women and 529 men, aged 35-69, randomly selected from respondents of the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Two measures of residential mobility and one of urban-rural residence, during early life stages and over the entire lifetime, were related to subsequent adult health traits. Greater residential mobility, particularly in childhood but also in later life, was significantly associated with greater prevalence of hypertension and higher mean diastolic blood pressure in older persons. Greater duration of urban residence was associated with greater prevalence of chronic bronchitis. Both residential traits were associated with greater prevalence of CHD, and with behavior patterns, namely cigarette smoking and drinking, that are risk factors for certain chronic diseases.
 ...
PMID:Residential mobility and urban-rural residence within life stages related to health risk and chronic disease in Tecumseh, Michigan. 706 10

Despite the fact that coronary heart (CHD) disease is the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women, research on primary prevention of CHD in women has been relatively sparse. Prevalence of CHD risk factors such as cigarette smoking and hypertension remain high among US women. Moreover, common factors unique to women including pregnancy, oophorectomy, menopause, and use of steroid hormones, appear to have an impact on CHD risk that is often poorly understood. While postmenopausal hormone therapy is increasingly recommended for the prevention of CHD, the potential impact of nonpharmacologic measures such as changes in diet, exercise, and cigarette smoking have been relatively unexplored.
 ...
PMID:Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. 755 3

A prospective study of persons older than 70 years provided evidence to contest the association between blood cholesterol level and incidence of CHD or death due to CHD. Drug treatment for mild to moderate hypertension substantially reduced morbidity and mortality from stroke and from CHD.
 ...
PMID:Geriatric medicine. 775 16

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apo B-100 were examined in 378 aging males for studying the relationship of apolipoprotein to cardiovascular diseases. The results showed that apo A-I and apo B-100 were 148 +/- 30 mg/dl, 97.3 +/- 28 mg/dl in the healthy aged subjects. Patients with CHD had the higher level of apo B-100 (P < 0.01) than the controls. Apolipoprotein A-I was decreased (P < 0.05), but apo B-100 was increased (P < 0.01) in the patients with hypertension which indicated that the change of apolipoprotein could be a factor for patients with hypertension and sensitive to CHD. There were a positive correlation between apo B-100 and apo A-I cholesterol contents (r = 0.22, P < 0.05) as well as a negative correlation between apo A-I and fibrinogen (r = -0.2, P < 0.05) contents. Our data suggested that a higher content of apo A-I and lower content of apo B-100 might serve as the protective factors for CHD.
 ...
PMID:[The relationship of apolipoprotein A-I and B-100 to cardiovascular diseases in aging males]. 776 18

Blood pressure (BP), particularly systolic blood pressure (SBP), rises with advancing age. Isolated systolic hypertension is the most common type of hypertension (HTN) phenotype after age 70. Moreover, at similar BP levels the absolute risk for CVD is several fold higher in elderly than in young patients. End-organ damage is common, and significant renal impairment can be present even when serum creatinine levels are normal. All forms of HTN in the elderly should be treated. A recent meta-analysis of eight clinical trials involving elderly patients documented a 15/6 mm Hg treatment difference between intervention and control groups, and a lower rate of stroke, CHD and death from all causes in the intervention group. Gradual BP control into the "normal" range should be the goal in elderly patients. There is no convincing evidence that lowering BP is harmful (J-curve hypothesis). Coexisting medical conditions influence therapeutic choices. The suggested medical evaluation of elderly hypertensive patients with suspected secondary forms of HTN is covered as well as pervasive clinical myths about HTN in the elderly.
 ...
PMID:High blood pressure in older persons: a high risk special population. 780 55

In this study we evaluated the several risk-factors, Lp(a) and lipids order, related to the family history for ischaemic cardiovascular disease (CHD) atherosclerotic cerebrovasculopathy and arterious hypertension, in a healthy adolescent group, to stress possible early and significant alteration of the lipids order and Lp(a); we also considered which of these parameters may be considered the risk factor most closely related to family history. We studies 130 healty high school students, mean age 16.5 +/- 5.5 years, selected in four groups related to the family history: the first one composed of 34 subjects with positive family history for CHD; the second one of 32 subjects with positive family history for cerebral infarction (CI); the third by 32 subjects with family history for arterial hypertension and the last group by 30 control subjects. Mean value of all variables considered was in the normality range. Lp(a) resulted in the normality range with the exception of the group with positive family history for CHD. Also the traditional risk factors (Total-Col., LDL/Col. and Triglycerides) were increased in this group. Besides the differences between the mean of Lp(a) and Total/Col. in the group with positive family history for CHD and in the control group were statistically significant. The results showed that Lp(a), even if it cannot replace the family history in the screening of coronary atherosclerotic disease, might be considered a risk marker of early atherosclerotic disease.
 ...
PMID:[Lp(a) and lipid order in a group of secondary school students selected according to their family anamnesis]. 785 55

The relationship of dyslipidemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia to coronary heart disease is now well established. Although ischemic heart disease and stroke share many of the same risk factors, the relationship of cholesterol to stroke remains controversial. The 6-year and 12-year follow-up of the MRFIT study showed that elevated cholesterol significantly increased the risk for fatal nonhemorrhagic stroke. Atkins found no evidence that lowering plasma cholesterol influenced the incidence of fatal or nonfatal stroke and regression analysis showed no statistical association between the magnitude of cholesterol reduction and the risk for fatal stroke. We cannot preclude the possibility that more effective cholesterol lowering over a longer period of time might be effective. Hypertension is the most powerful risk factor for stroke. The San Antonio Heart Study reported a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in individuals who developed hypertension during an eight-year follow-up period (higher levels of BP, fasting TC and LDLC, TG, glucose and insulin, and BMI, less favourable fat deposition, and lower HDL). Insulin resistance may be the unifying factor that results in those phenomena, the so-called syndrome X. The important factor underlying syndrome X may be central or visceral obesity, suggesting that maintenance or attainment of ideal weight would be a powerful preventive factor against both CHD and nonhemorrhagic stroke. There is evidence from the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study that nutritional/hygienic measures can reduce the syndrome X risk factors and hence the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
 ...
PMID:Dyslipidemia and metabolic factors in the genesis of heart attack and stroke. 791 92

Research in human coronary heart disease has been conducted primarily on males; however, investigators have begun to focus research efforts on female subjects as well. A literature review that identified studies on women and coronary heart disease was done to describe modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Several modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and disorders of lipid metabolism previously identified for men are also risk factors for women. However, the mechanisms by which some of these risk factors work in women are different from those in men. Moreover, women have additional risk factors related to menopause and, in some cases, the use of oral contraceptives. Significant initial information has been gained concerning women and coronary heart disease risk factors. However, gaps persist in information regarding the individual and synergistic effects of risk factors for CHD in women.
 ...
PMID:Modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. 803 45


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>