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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 10-year-old cat with restlessness, vocalizing, and circling was examined 13 hours after it was inadvertently given a 5-mg tablet of the CNS stimulant methylphenidate hydrochloride. Physical examination findings (generalized tremors, agitation, mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypertension) were consistent with overstimulation of the CNS and excessive adrenergic activity resulting from methylphenidate toxicosis. Plasma methylphenidate concentration at admission (83 ng/ml) was 5 to 16 times greater than the concentration reported to provide therapeutic effect in human beings. The cat was placed in a dark, padded cage to minimize external stimuli, and supportive care consisting of fluids and diazepam were administered. Clinical signs resolved within 25 hours after ingestion of methylphenidate.
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PMID:Methylphenidate toxicosis in a cat. 862 17

Inbred strains have been used to study genetic and physiological relationships among different aspects of circadian timekeeping, as well as relationships between circadian rhythmicity and other strain-specific traits. The present study characterized several features of circadian timekeeping in genetically hyperactive (WKHA) and genetically hypertensive (WKHT) inbred strains, derived from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. WKHAs and WKHTs differed in free-running period, steady-state entrainment to light-dark cycles, and photic phase shifting, and relationships among these measures were consistent with previous studies of species, strain, and individual differences. Because both WKHTs and SHRs show short circadian periods relative to their respective comparison strains, this trait may cosegregate genetically with hypertension. In contrast, because WKHAs and SHRs show similar photic entrainment and phase shifting, these circadian functions may cosegregate with open-field hyperactivity. Finally, because neither WKHAs nor WKHTs show the SHR's excessive levels of home-cage running wheel activity, this trait is not related to either hypertension or open-field activity. Further work would be required to elucidate specific genetic and/or physiological linkages among these variables.
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PMID:Circadian timekeeping in hyperactive and hypertensive inbred rat strains. 885 4

Jim Henry demonstrated an animal's society can induce an increase in blood pressure and its cardiovascular sequale. He recognized that the stress required to elevate blood pressure was a function of the genetically determined behavioral traits of the mice used. He termed some strains aggressive, others peaceable. Being highly inbred (indeed isogenic strains) it was intriguing to find that the behavior of these genetically identical individuals could differ markedly once placed in a society that decreased territory. A dominant or "king" mouse emerged. Other non-dominant males were aggressive and striving to be king. Adrenal medullary systems were activated and renins high. Others huddled in one cage and appeared to have given up. Jim called them depressed. Their adrenal cortex was hyperplastic suggesting pituitary adrenal axis activation as in depression, their renin was low and corticosterone high. In rats, careful selection of a strain genetically aggressive had to be combined with titration of societal stress to reliably induce hypertension. Its likely that humans retain some, if not all, of these variations, i.e. some respond to stress with an increase in blood pressure and others do not, some respond via the sympathetic pathway and others by adrenal cortical activation. The suggestion that African American's high blood pressures is due to stress is relevant to the Henry paradigm and the known genetic influences on sodium retention in blacks. The integration of this paradigm with the genetically increased sensitivity to the blood pressure raising effects of dietary sodium in blacks is proposed and discussed.
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PMID:Stress hypertension: the "wrong" genes in the "wrong" environment. 940 24

This study describes a technique for the direct daily measurement of arterial blood pressure, sampling of arterial blood, and continuous intravenous infusion in free-moving, conscious, Swiss-Webster mice. Catheters were chronically implanted in the femoral artery and vein, tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized at the back of the neck in a lightweight tethering spring, and attached to a swivel device at the top of the cage. Time-control experiments (n = 8) demonstrated stable values of mean arterial pressure (MAP, 116 +/- 1 mmHg) and heart rate (HR, 627 +/- 21 beats/min) for up to 35 days after catheter implantation. It was further observed that restraining mice (n = 7) increased MAP by 10 +/- 3 mmHg and HR by 78 +/- 8 beats/min from the values observed under free-moving conditions. To demonstrate the chronic use of the venous catheter, intravenous infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 8.6 mg.kg-1.day-1, n = 6) for 5 days significantly increased MAP from 117 +/- 4 to 131 +/- 4 mmHg without altering HR. In a final group of mice (n = 5), oral L-arginine (2% in drinking water) increased plasma arginine concentration from 90 +/- 7 to 131 +/- 17 microM and prevented L-NAME hypertension. These experiments illustrate the feasibility of long-term intravenous infusion, direct arterial blood pressure measurements, and arterial blood sampling in conscious mice.
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PMID:Long-term measurement of arterial blood pressure in conscious mice. 948 19

Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) and Jeune's asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) are related disorders characterized by narrow thoracic cage and short-limbed dwarfism. Some patients have overlapping features of both ATD and EvC, indicating that these syndromes may be a part of a disease spectrum. Nephronophthisis has been occasionally reported in patients with ATD, but not with EvC syndrome. We report a patient who was diagnosed with EvC syndrome at birth. He developed hypertension at 5 months of age and gradually progressive renal failure, requiring renal transplantation at 8 years. Histopathological findings in the nephrectomy specimen were indicative of nephronophthisis. The association of nephronophthisis in a patient with EvC syndrome has not been reported previously. This association further supports the hypothesis that ATD and EvC syndromes are related and represent a spectrum of disorders.
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PMID:Nephronophthisis associated with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. 950 61

A link between prenatal malnutrition and hypertension in human populations has recently been proposed. Rat models of prenatal malnutrition have provided major support for this theory on the basis of tail-cuff measurements. However, this technique requires restraint and elevated temperature, both potential sources of stress. To determine the effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on blood pressure under nonstress conditions, 24-hour radiotelemetric measurements were taken in the home cage. Male rats born to dams fed a 6% casein diet for 5 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy were studied in early adulthood (from 96 days of age). During the waking phase of their cycle but not the sleep phase, prenatal malnutrition gave rise to small but significant elevations of diastolic blood pressure and heart rate compared with well-nourished controls. Direct effects of stress on blood pressure responses were determined in a second experiment using an olfactory stressor. Prenatally malnourished rats showed a greater increase in both systolic and diastolic pressures compared with well-nourished controls during the first exposure to ammonia. A different pattern of change of cardiovascular responses was also observed during subsequent presentations of the stressor. These findings of a small baseline increase in diastolic pressure consequent to prenatal malnutrition, but an augmented elevation of both systolic and diastolic pressures after first exposure to stress, suggest the need to reevaluate interpretation of the large elevations in blood pressure previously observed in malnourished animals using the stressful tail-cuff procedure.
Hypertension 1998 Jul
PMID:Prenatal malnutrition-induced changes in blood pressure: dissociation of stress and nonstress responses using radiotelemetry. 967 46

5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 50 mg/kg/d on Days 9 through 15 and at 100 mg/kg/d on Days 16 through 20 of gestation. Dams were allowed to deliver naturally. Male offspring were subjected to a variety of pre- and postweaning behavioral tests: surface righting, negative geotaxis, open field test, Biel maze test, wheel cage test, and shuttlebox avoidance test. After puberty, masculine sexual behavior was observed. Male offspring of dams treated with BrdU on Days 9 through 15 of gestation showed an accelerated negative geotaxis reflex and increased ambulation and rearing in open field, while those of dams treated on Days 16 through 20 of gestation showed normal activity. Offspring of dams treated on Days 9 through 15 of gestation showed a higher activity level in the wheel cage than offspring of dams treated on Days 16 through 20 of gestation. In the Biel maze, offspring of dams treated on Days 9 through 15 of gestation showed impaired learning and memory. In the shuttlebox avoidance response, offspring of dams treated on Days 9 through 15 of gestation moved significantly more than offspring of dams treated on Days 16 through 20 of gestation. Masculine sexual behavior was markedly reduced in male offspring of dams treated on Days 9 through 15 of gestation. However, no significant differences between groups in blood pressure nor heart rate were noted. We conclude that male offspring of dams treated with BrdU on Days 9 through 15 of gestation are hyperactive without hypertension and that these offspring show an impairment of masculine sexual behavior, i.e., hyposexuality.
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PMID:Behavior and reproductive function of rat male offspring treated prenatally with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. 976 46

Children with hypertension, seizures, lethargy, encephalopathy, headache, and occipital blindness are reviewed. After undergoing antihypertensive therapy, most children improve. Some patients have a similar syndrome associated with chemotherapy, transplantation, transfusion, or human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. These latter children can develop symptoms with only minimal or no discernible elevations in blood pressure and improve, in the case of cancer-associated encephalopathy, after discontinuing chemotherapy. The reported children with this distinctive clinical condition are compared to adults with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Since both gray and white matter are involved, we had suggested previously that the name be changed to (reversible) occipitoparietal encephalopathy syndrome. However, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy has been used in the adult population and probably should be employed in children for the sake of uniformity, since both children and adults have the same clinical presentation and presumably a similar pathophysiology for the encephalopathy syndrome. The diagnosis is confirmed by reversible posterior abnormalities seen on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging, and by the presence of either headache, altered mental status, seizures, or visual disturbances.
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PMID:Hypertensive encephalopathy, reversible occipitoparietal encephalopathy, or reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy: three names for an old syndrome. 1034 93

The role of alcohol ingestion in the incidence of arterial hypertension has not been completely established. In addition, there are few studies addressing this point in relation to populations of workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between alcoholism and arterial hypertension among workers in an oil refinery in Mataripe, Bahia, Brazil, from 1986 to 1993. We designed a retrospective cohort study with a 7-year follow-up in a stratified systematic sample of 335 workers from the refinery. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed based on blood pressure measurements done during routine medical examinations. At the beginning of follow-up, three groups were defined using the CAGE test of alcohol dependency: nondrinkers (n = 121), CAGE-negative workers (n = 116), and CAGE-positive workers (n = 98). In comparison with the CAGE-negative group, the CAGE-positive group had both greater relative risk and greater attributable risk for developing arterial hypertension (RR = 2.58; AR = 24.95 per 1,000 person-years). The CAGE-positive group also had greater risks compared to nondrinkers (RR = 2.06; AR = 20.97 per 1,000 person-years). The attributable fractions for the same two comparisons of groups were 61% and 51%, respectively. Rate standardization by age or smoking habit did not substantially change the results. Alcoholism is an important risk factor for arterial hypertension.
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PMID:[Arterial hypertension and alcoholism among workers in an oil refinery]. 1051 96

We analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of endometrial cancer. Our goal was to identify a subgroup of women in whom the additional cancer risk associated with unopposed estrogen use was sufficiently small so as to not be a deterrent to taking a hormone preparation of this type. Researchers interviewed women with endometrial cancer (N = 553) and controls (N = 752) regarding hormone use. The additional risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen use did not vary substantially in the presence or absence of hypertension, parity, oral contraceptive use, or smoking. The results suggest that, although heavier women may experience a greater risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen use (8.2 per 1,000 per year) than lighter women (4.2 per 1,000 per year), long-term users in the latter group nonetheless face a substantial absolute increase in risk. We conclude that subdividing women on the basis of the presence or absence of other known risk factors for endometrial cancer fails to delineate a subgroup that is exempt from the increased risk of this cancer associated with use of unopposed estrogens. 83.6% of estrogen users reported taking conjugated estrogens.
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PMID:The additional risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen use in women with other risk factors. 1053 88


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