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Crural ulcers represent the most serious form of chronic venous incompetence (CVI). According to duplex studies superficial venous incompetence predominate in this stage of the disease, but combined refluxes of superficial and deep veins are also common. Despite a positive correlation between the number of incompetent perforators and the stage of CVI isolated incompetence of perforating veins in venous ulcers are rarely found. Additionally, only a minority of incompetent perforators depict larger reflux volumes. Therefore, doubts about a causal role of perforators incompetence in ulcer genesis are justified. According to phlebodynamometric studies the risk of crural ulcer development increases with the degree of hemodynamic compromise. Ulcer healing can only be achieved after complete normalization of ambulatory venous hypertension. In case of superficial refluxes and concomitant incompetence of perforating veins exclusion of the superficial component is sufficient to achieve this goal. Incompetent perforators normalize their function consecutively. In contrast, venous hypertension persists after exclusion of superficial refluxes in case of incompetent perforators and irreversible damage of the deep venous system. Surgical therapy studies exactly reflect the results of these hemodynamic examinations. Therefore, the role of endoscopic subfascial perforator dissection (ESPD) in the treatment of venous ulcers remains unclear. Future therapy studies should take into account that the definite role of ESPD in ulcer healing can only be examined without additional treatment of refluxes in the saphena system. Additionally, all study patients should be classified according to the CEAP nomenclature and Hach's classification of chronic compartment syndrome. Methodological differences in technique and extent of ESPD have also to be taken into account.
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PMID:[The role of perforating vein dissection in the treatment concept of venous ulcers--myths and evidence]. 1251 May 45

Fourteen patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of the lower extremities, class 0-4 according to the CEAP (1995) were examined for microcirculation (MC) and effect of detralex, using biomicroscopy of the conjunctival vessels and capillaroscopy of the nail matrix, with detailed computed morphometry. In 7 patients, CVI was associated with truncal arterial hypertension and in 5 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been established that in CVI patients, there were remarkable disorders of MC and regional circulation. In addition to regression of the clinical manifestations of CVI, administration of detralex given in courses to 12 patients noticeably refined both regional circulation in the lower extremities and systemic MC, marked by abatement of perivascular edema, an increase in the number of the functioning microvessels and flow acceleration in them. Also, there was marked the lowering of intramuscular red blood cell aggregation.
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PMID:[Microcirculation end effect of detralex in patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities]. 1465 34

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) with the resultant clinical sequelae significantly reduces quality of life. Most elderly patients with CVI are treated nonoperatively owing to concerns of increased operative risk and therefore suffer more advanced disease. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a minimally invasive procedure to treat patients with superficial venous insufficiency (SVI) due to great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence. The purpose of this study was to review our experience using RFA of the GSV to treat CVI due to superficial disease in elderly patients compared to younger patients in terms of procedure-related morbidity and severity of disease at time of treatment. RFA treatment of the GSV was performed in 490 extremities of 421 patients with SVI between March 2001 and December 2002. Indications, medical history, and outcome (operative complications and hospital stay) were compared between 2 groups: Group I:41 extremities of 35 patients, 70 years if age or older (mean 75 +/-4); and Group II:449 limbs of 386 patients younger than 70 years (mean 47 +/-11). The incidence of skin pigmentation and healed/nonhealed ulcers (CEAP 4-6) was significantly higher in the elderly than in the younger group (41% vs 16%, p <0.05). Hypertension, diabetes, and previous myocardial infarction were 2.8, 5.4, and 6.7 times more prevalent in the elderly (p <0.05), respectively. There were no major postoperative complications in either group; 97% of all patients were discharged on the day of operation and there was no difference between the 2 groups in overnight hospital stay. There is a treatment bias against operative management in elderly patients with SVI, as evidenced by their more advanced disease at the time of definitive treatment than their younger cohort. However, operative morbidity is no different compared to the younger subset. RFA is a safe and effective procedure for older patients; therefore, the threshold for operative management of older patients should be lowered.
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PMID:Chronic venous insufficiency due to great saphenous vein incompetence treated with radiofrequency ablation: an effective and safe procedure in the elderly. 1607 43

The mechanisms regulating varicose vein development and the subsequent skin sequelae seen in chronic venous disease (CVD) have been investigated recently. Despite the diversity of signs and symptoms associated with the disease, it seems likely that they are related to venous hypertension. Valvular incompetence is the most important cause of venous hypertension. Recent findings suggest that inflammatory processes are involved in the structural remodeling in venous valves and in the vein wall, leading to valvular incompetence and the development of varicose veins. This has been shown by Ono and colleagues, who found infiltration of valve leaflets and the venous wall by leukocytes (monocytes and tissue macrophages) in all valve specimens from patients with CVD and in none from controls. Further work by Takase and colleagues confirmed this hypothesis. Vein wall remodeling is likely to involve the complex interplay of a range of factors, including an altered ratio between metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and elevated levels of cytokines and growth factors favor an alteration of the extracellular matrix. Neutrophils and mast cells and their interaction with the venous endothelium are believed to play an important role in the initiation of the inflammatory response in CVD. The transmission of high venous pressures to the dermal microcirculation results in the stimulation of an inflammatory process in which cytokine and growth factor release leads to leukocyte migration into the interstitium and the initiation of further inflammatory events. This process is associated with the intense dermal fibrosis and tissue remodeling seen in chronic venous insufficiency. The many manifestations of the disease are frequently associated with symptoms usually ascribed to CVD. The proportion of patients with symptoms increases with increasing CEAP clinical classes, but the mechanisms underlying symptom appearance have not been elucidated. It has been postulated that it is related to the inflammatory cascade of events seen at all stages of CVD and in which the leukocyte and its interaction with the endothelium play a key role. It is increasingly believed that the emerging twin themes of disturbed venous flow patterns and chronic inflammation underlie and link all the manifestations of the disease. Among the many pathophysiologic mechanisms at work, the leukocyte-endothelium interactions seem to be important in many aspects of the disease and have been identified as a possible target for pharmacologic intervention. Pharmacologic agents that could attenuate various elements of the inflammatory cascade and inhibit the inflammatory process might offer a greater opportunity to prevent future morbidity. It seems reasonable to speculate that such treatment could reduce the risk of CVD progression if applied as soon as the first symptoms appear.
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PMID:Chronic venous disease and the leukocyte-endothelium interaction: from symptoms to ulceration. 1619 21

The results of complex examination of 45 patients with chronic venous insufficiency having class C6 open trophic ulcers by CEAP classification due to postthrombotic disease were analyzed. The localization, intensity and duration of blood refluxes in the venous system of the injured extremity were determined using ultrasonic angioscanning. Highly intensive total reflux of blood in the popliteal and talocrural segments of the lower extremity venous system found in 68.9% of patients has most injuring effects on the microcirculatory bed of patients having postthrombotic disease with recanalization of the profound veins. The developing pathological cross-flow of blood from the musculo-venous pump of the shank into the foot profound veins gives rise to perforator vein incompetence on the foot and shank forming two zones of venous hypertension under and over the ankle-bone. The main factor of the developing trophic ulcers in patients with segmental obliteration (17.8%) and insufficient recanalization of the profound veins (13.3%) was venous hypertension in the distal parts of the injured extremity. Blood refluxes in the shank profound veins were weakly intensive and played a subsidiary role in the development of trophic disorders.
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PMID:[Effects of blood refluxes on formation of trophic ulcers in patients with postthrombotic disease]. 1731 85

The authors analyzed the results of a comprehensive examination of 120 patients with class C6 chronic venous insufficiency according to the CEAP classification, and open trophic ulcers. The patients were subdivided into 2 groups. Group One comprised a total of 75 patients with varicosity, and Group Two consisted of 45 patients with post-thrombotic disease. The localization, intensity and length of the refluxes of blood in the venous system of the affected extremity were determined by means of ultrasonographic angioscanning. Examining the patients with varicosity revealed that in 81.4% the main haemodynamic factor leading to development of the ulcer was a high-intensity, total-subtotal blood reflux along the superficial veins, and in 9.3% - high-intensity superficial and deep refluxes of blood. We failed to determine the blood reflux priority in 9.3% of patients. The trophic ulcers had developed under the effect of low-intensity refluxes of blood in the superficial, deep and perforating veins in elderly patients on the background of heart failure. The most damaging influence on the microcirculatory bed in patients with post-thrombotic disease with recanalization of deep veins is exerted by a high-intensity total reflux of blood in the popliteal and talocrural segments of the venous system of the lower extremities, which was revealed in 68.9% of patients. The developing pathological flow of blood from the muscular-venous pump of the cms into the deep veins of the foot induces perforating insufficiency on the foot and crus, thus creating two zones of venous hypertension above and beneath the ankle. The major factor of trophic ulcers development in patients with segmental obliteration (17.8%) and insufficient recanalization of deep veins (13.3%) was venous hypertension in the distal portions of the affected extremity. Blood refluxes in deep veins of the ankle were of a low-intensity pattern, and played an auxiliary role in development of trophic disorders.
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PMID:[Role of blood refluxes in the genesis of venous trophic disorders in patients with chronic venous insufficiency]. 1800 63

This paper analyzes the data of examination and the results of the treatment of 25 patients aged over 80 years (mean age 68.5+/-7 years) suffering from varicosity with long nonhealing trophic ulcers of the distal limb segments (CVI CMP C6) and 20 patients of the same age groups with CVI CEAP stages 3-5. All patients with CVI underwent either full-scope phlebectomy (64.4%) or partial truncal phlebectomy (35.6%), in which the trunk of the greater saphenous vein was stripped up to the upper third of the leg. A TCM-3 outfit (RADIOmeter, Denmark) was employed to measure oxygen tension in limb tissues. Parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant tissue defence were measured intraoperatively in the capillary blood of the fingers as well as in the venous blood withdrawn from the cubital vein and the greater saphenous vein in the lower third of the leg near ulcer). The data obtained evidenced that lipid peroxidation activity was most pronounced in the soft tissues of the lower third of the leg in the group of patients with remarkable chronic venous insufficiency without trophic venous ulcers (GVI CEAP C3-5) and was significantly depleted after formation of varicose ulcers (CVI CEAP C6) associated with remarkable tissue hypoxia (TepO2 1.7-7.0 mm Hg). In all patients with CVI, the syndrome of lipid peroxidation was associated with the lowering of antioxidant defence activity. Patients with trophic venous ulcers had the signs of active inflammation in the soft tissues of the leg. The data obtained in the course of the study made it possible to optimize the treatment policy for elderly patients with trophic venous ulcers. In addition to the lowering of venous hypertension, the treatment included correction of microcirculatory disorders related to local hypoxia. Of special importance was reperfusion attenuation in the postoperative period.
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PMID:[Local tissue hypoxia consequence in the trophic venous ulceration in elderly patients]. 1800 64

Superficial venous hypertension has been cited as the putative etiologic factor in advanced chronic venous insufficiency with venous ulcer (CEAP C 5/6). For over a century, influenced by this belief, surgeons have ablated the superficial venous system as a treatment for venous ulcer. Incompetent perforating veins (ICPVs) have become a particular focus of this therapeutic strategy. This review examines the evidence for the surgical approach. A MEDLINE search of the literature identified only four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) directed at the surgical reduction of superficial venous hypertension. Risk ratios for ulcer healing and prevention of recurrence were calculated to determine benefits for these four RCTs, while mortality and morbidity, where available, was used to determine risk from the procedure. In addition, the quality of the trials (design and outcomes) was assessed. While two trials compared ICPV ligation to compression, the great saphenous vein (GSV) was also treated in many of these limbs, which confounds the results. By contrast, two RCTs, which compared treatment of the GSV alone to compression, demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of ulcer recurrence. Case series that employed hemodynamic or surrogate outcomes showed little effect on the addition of ICPV treatment to GSV stripping, while GSV ablation alone was associated with a reduction in the number of ICPVs in several studies. This review suggests a grade 1A recommendation for the treatment of venous ulcer by GSV ablation to reduce ulcer recurrence. The role of ICPV ablation alone or concomitant with GSV treatment awaits results of properly conducted RCTs.
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PMID:The present status of surgery of the superficial venous system in the management of venous ulcer and the evidence for the role of perforator interruption. 1899 25

Varicose veins are a very frequent disorder with prevalence in our adult population between 14% for large varices and 59% for small teleangiectasias. Subjective symptoms may be very non-specific. The term "chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)" defines functional abnormalities of the venous system producing advanced symptoms like oedema, skin changes or leg ulcers. Both entities, varicose veins and CVI, may be summarized under the term "chronic venous disorders" which includes the full spectrum of morphological and functional abnormalities of the venous system. A classification system to describe chronic venous disorders regarding clinical appearance, etiology, anatomical distribution and pathophysiology has been proposed under the acronym of CEAP. The revised version of the CEAP classification contains also definitions of clinical signs and suggests three levels of apparative investigations adjusted to the clinical stage. Concerning the etiology of venous disorders controversial theories exist leading to different therapeutic concepts. As a matter of fact there is a vicious circle between structural changes in valves and venous wall and hemodynamic forces leading to reflux and venous hypertension. Different methods for treating varicose veins are available producing satisfactory early outcome in most cases, but followed by a high recurrence rate after years. Chronic venous insufficiency requires "chronic management". Compression therapy by bandages for initial treatment of severe stages and maintenance therapy using medical compression stockings is essential. In addition correction of venous refluxes by surgery or endovenous procedures including echo-guided foam sclerotherapy should be considered in every single case.
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PMID:Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. 1999 50

Chronic venous insufficiency is an advanced chronic venous disease, which as a result of venous hypertension leads to specific skin or subcutaneous tissue changes on the lower extremities. The descriptive CEAP classification enables a standardized classification of chronic venous disorders. Color-coded duplex ultrasonography is the center of diagnostic measures, which enable functional and morphological conclusions regarding specific venous changes and possible differential diagnoses. Chronic venous insufficiency therapy targets the reduction or elimination of the underlying venous hypertension. Due to their high prevalence and age-associated increase, chronic venous diseases represent a problem affecting the quality of life of persons concerned and representing a cost-intensive problem for public health care.
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PMID:[Chronic venous insufficiency]. 2010 56


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