Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 498 consecutive autopsy cases, the adrenal glands were light microscopically and morphometrically studied. 265 (53.7%) patients showed single or multiples nodules, 25 (5.0%) adenomas. The diameter of nodules was between 0.3 to 8.0 mm and that of adenomas between 3.2 to 28.0 mm. Clinically, 265 (36.5%) patients revealed arterial hypertension. 283 (63.5%) were normotensive. For the diagnosis of adenomas, the architecture and the cell structure were more important than the size of the tumor. Normotensive patients showed more often (55.%) nodules than hypertensive patients (52.8%). Adenomas were more frequently found in hypertensive patients. There was no correlation between age, sex and nodules, but adenomas were more frequently found in females. Normotensive patients exhibited mainly one nodule, whereas multiple nodules were found in hypertensive patients. In patients with nodules arteriosclerosis with intima hyalinosis was present in 184 (56.3%) cases, in patients without nodules in 81 (47.4%) cases. Our study clearly demonstrates that no correlation exists between the occurrence of adrenocortical nodules and age or hypertension. The etiology of adrenal nodules should be considered together with the arteriopathy.
Gen Diagn Pathol 1996 Mar
PMID:Adrenocortical nodules in post-mortem series. Development, functional significance, and differentiation from adenomas. 870 84

Evidence from meta-analyses, physiological data and individual studies suggests that diet and exercise are important in the aetiology and treatment of many of the conditions that are managed predominantly in primary care (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and excess alcohol intake). However, much of the evidence comes from outside primary care, and it is doubtful whether those studies done in primary care used optimal intervention strategies. A priority for future research should be to demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy and efficiency of lifestyle interventions in a general practice setting.
Br J Gen Pract 1996 Mar
PMID:The importance of diet and physical activity in the treatment of conditions managed in general practice. 873 28

A retrospective analysis was conducted of the cost of hypertension care at one internal medicine clinic, looking at the cost of office visits, laboratory tests, and medications. Cost of hypertension care was $947 the first year of treatment, $575 the second year, and $420 per year thereafter. Drug costs were the major determinant of cost of care, comprising 80% of the total cost of treatment after the first year of therapy.
J Gen Intern Med 1995 Dec
PMID:Cost of hypertension treatment. 877 Jul 27

1. Alterations in the function of the endothelium and arterial smooth muscle may be important in the establishment of hypertension. Thus, the possible favorable influences of blood pressure-lowering agents on vascular responsiveness may be important in the chronic antihypertensive actions of these compounds. 2. A number of reports have suggested that ACE inhibitors can improve arterial function in hypertension, whereas the knowledge about the vascular effects of other antihypertensive drugs, like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics remains rather limited. 3. In this article, the effects of antihypertensive therapy on arterial function in human and experimental hypertension are reviewed.
Gen Pharmacol 1996 Mar
PMID:Antihypertensive therapy and arterial function in experimental hypertension. 891 35

1. The central cardiovascular effects of several opioid receptor selective agonists and the nonselective opioid antagonist, naloxone, were studied in anesthetized normotensive control rats, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and in foot-shock-stressed rats. 2. Receptor-selective agonists injected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and dorsal hippocampus (dHip) were DAGO (mu), DADLE (delta), and U50,488H (kappa). 3. DAGO and DADLE (3 nM) decreased arterial pressure and heart rate in RVLM and PVN of all rat strains, while U-50,488H (9 nM) had only minimal effects in these areas. 4. In dHip, only DADLE (3 nM) had depressor and bradycardic effects, and then, only in SHR, with DAGO and U50,488H being ineffective in any strain, even at 9 nM. 5. Prior injection of naloxone (10 nM) into the RVLM, PVN and dHip blocked and postinjection reversed the cardiovascular effects of the agonists. Naloxone alone increased blood pressure and heart rate in all three areas, in all rat strains except SHR, suggesting a tonic depressor effect of endogenous opioids. 6. Lack of significant quantitative differences in opioid agonist and antagonist effects between normotensive and hypertensive or stressed rats argues against a role for endogenous brain opioids in experimental hypertension.
Gen Pharmacol 1996 Oct
PMID:Central effects of opioid agonists and naloxone on blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive and hypertensive rats. 898 Oct 66

The wheat bZIP protein HBP-1a(17) is a putative transcription factor regulating histone gene expression. To delineate the functional domain(s) of this factor, we made a series of effector constructs expressing fusion proteins, in which various portions of HBP-1a(17) are fused to the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4, in plant cells. When the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, driven by the wheat histone H3 core promoter harboring the GAL4-binding sequence, was co-transfected with such effector genes into tobacco protoplasts, several portions of HBP-1a(17) influenced reporter gene expression. The N-terminal one-third of HBP-1a(17), termed the P region (residues 1-118) due to its Pro content, did not activate the reporter gene, in contrast to the corresponding Pro-rich region of Arabidopsis GBF1 (residues 1-110), which functions as an activation domain. When the P region was divided into two, however, both its N-terminal (1-56; termed NP) and C-terminal (58-118; termed PC) halves were able to enhance expression of the reporter gene. When the NP region was further divided into NP(5-30) and NP(30-56), both regions still retained activating ability. These results suggest that the P region of HBP-1a(17) is composed of several modules each having activating function, and modification and/or conformational changes of the P region might influence its function.
Mol Gen Genet 1997 Feb 20
PMID:Dissection of the wheat transcription factor HBP-1a(17) reveals a modular structure for the activation domain. 906 88

1. A slow intravenous infusion of L-arginine (3 mg kg-1) lasting one hr produced significant hypotension in urethane-anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). 2. A slow intravenous infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (3 mg kg-1 h-1) did not produce any significant change in the mean arterial pressure during infusion. After stopping infusion of L-NAME, a slowly developing increase of the mean arterial pressure was observed during the following 40 min. 3. The pressor response to physostigmine (20, 40 and 80 micrograms kg-1, IV), injected during a slow intravenous infusion of either L-arginine or L-NAME, was not changed. 4. L-arginine and L-NAME depressed the pressor responses to physostigmine, if physostigmine was injected after the end of a 1-hr infusion. 5. Acute pretreatment with increasing doses of physostigmine markedly affected the blood pressure response to L-arginine (i.e., L-arginine-caused hypotension was more pronounced), but only slightly that to L-NAME. 6. In conclusion, L-arginine, as a donor of NO, produced hypotension by itself and also decreased, but not significantly, the central cholinergically-mediated hypertension (CCMH) produced by physostigmine. It is quite possible that the peripheral NO released by L-arginine antagonized the increased adrenergic activity in the CCMH. This does happen in normotensive rats, but to a lesser degree than in SHRs, as shown in the current experiments. 7. Also, our results show that inhibition of endogenous NO biosynthesis using L-NAME does not necessarily lead to pressor response in vivo, at least in SHRs. It is concluded that L-arginine-nitric oxide pathways operate in SHRs, as well as in normotensive Wistar rats, but their role in modulating cholinergically-mediated regulation of the mean arterial pressure is less pronounced in SHRs than in normotensive animals.
Gen Pharmacol 1997 Jan
PMID:Physostigmine and modulators of nitric oxide system on the mean arterial pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 911 85

1. Increased carotid stiffness is a characteristic feature of cardiovascular aging, hypertension and, to a lesser extent, atherosclerosis. 2. The pharmacological approach, using nitrates, converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium entry blockers and blockers of the autonomic nervous system, may decrease carotid stiffness through 3 different mechanism: passive decrease in blood pressure, active change in smooth muscle tone, and structural modifications of the carotid arterial wall. 3. In recent years, such changes have been studied in vivo, in both humans and rats, using original in situ carotid preparations and echotracking ultrasound techniques of high resolution, allowing to evaluate both static and dynamic stiffness. 4. This new approach for investigating arterial vessel through changes in both stiffness and thickness should provide a better evaluation of drug effects in cardiovascular pharmacology and new interpretations for cardiovascular events related to morbidity and mortality.
Gen Pharmacol 1996 Dec
PMID:Carotid artery stiffness with applications to cardiovascular pharmacology. 930 98

1. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) suppressed the age-dependent increase in systolic blood pressure and prolonged the average survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). 2. Dietary DHA (1% and 5% in diets) altered the circadian rhythm of SHRSP, causing significant increases in ambulatory activity during the dark period. At the onset of stroke, desynchronization with light and dark phases and new biological rhythms were noted in all of the control SHRSP (DHA 0%). DHA treated SHRSP did not show such behavioral changes. 3. These effects were accompanied by the increase of DHA and the decrease of AA levels in plasma and brain cortex. 4. It was concluded that dietary DHA suppresses the development of hypertension and stroke-related behavioral changes, resulting in prolongation of the SHRSP's life span.
Gen Pharmacol 1997 Sep
PMID:Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on survival time and stroke-related behavior in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 937 47

It has previously been demonstrated that individual general practitioners (GPs) diagnose and treat at different levels of blood pressure and according to different risk factor profiles. This study sought to examine the variation in the achievement of control of hypertension in a sample of 20 treated hypertensive patients in 18 UK general practices. There was a marked between-practice variation in the percentage of patients with controlled hypertension. Practices appear to apply different hypertension guidelines to patients consistently, with significant correlations across practices in seven out of ten possible guideline combinations. There remains marked variation in the management of hypertension between different general practices in the UK. Factors other than recommendations in guidelines appear to be responsible for this variation.
Br J Gen Pract 1997 Nov
PMID:Clinical guidelines and the management of hypertension: a between-practice and guideline comparison. 951 21


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