Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a cross-sectional study of diabetic patients diagnosed at or after 30 years, and with different stages of retinopathy, factors such as duration of diabetes, treatment mode, metabolic control, blood pressure, and clinical signs of nephropathy were examined. The different stages of retinopathy used were absence of retinopathy, simplex, and severe retinopathy. Patients with simplex and severe retinopathy were older than those without retinopathy (p less than 0.001, and p less than 0.01, respectively). They also had a longer duration of diabetes (p less than 0.001), and were more often treated with insulin (p less than 0.001) and in larger doses (p less than 0.001). Their glycosylated haemoglobin levels were higher (p less than 0.01). Their systolic blood pressure was higher (p less than 0.01), but the diastolic blood pressure did not differ, and the number of patients treated for hypertension was similar in all groups. Albumin clearance was higher (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001), as were urinary albumin levels (p less than 0.001). The only variables that distinguished patients with simplex from those with severe retinopathy were albumin clearance (p less than 0.01) and urinary albumin levels (p less than 0.05).
 ...
PMID:Putative risk factors associated with retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed at or after 30 years of age. 253 9

The in vitro plasma protein binding and distribution in blood of ketanserin ((+/-)-3-[2-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione, R 41 468), a novel serotonin S2-receptor antagonist used in hypertension, was studied in rats, dogs and humans. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin amounted to 95.1% in healthy subjects, 88.1% in dogs and 98.8% in rats. Its blood to plasma concentration ratio was 0.70 in humans, 0.78 in dogs and 0.65 in rats. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin-ol, the main plasma metabolite of ketanserin, was 81.2% in humans and its blood to plasma concentration ratio was 1.04. The plasma protein binding of both ketanserin and ketanserin-ol was highly dependent on pH. Albumin was by far the main binding protein for ketanserin in human plasma and binding was independent of the ketanserin concentration within a very wide range. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin in elderly hypertensive patients was not significantly different from that in healthy adults. In chronic renal failure patients, whether on haemodialysis or not, the free ketanserin fraction was 40% higher than in healthy subjects. High therapeutic levels of ketanserin (0.25 microgram/ml) did not influence the plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, ketoconazole, propranolol or warfarin. Out of 12 drugs, only tolbutamide at therapeutic concentrations decreased significantly the plasma protein binding of ketanserin. However, the resulting 5-20% increase of the free ketanserin fraction is hardly clinically relevant.
 ...
PMID:Plasma protein binding of ketanserin and its distribution in blood. 317 20

The role of hypertension for the combined occurrence of incipient diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy (RP) was evaluated in 155 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (74 male/81 female); mean age 32.4 +/- 12.2 STD years; means diabetes duration 12.8 +/- 10 STD years). Albumin excretion rate (AER) was measured in 24 hours urine samples by RIA, retinal status was determined by both, fundoscopy and fluorescein angiography. Analysis of the data revealed a statistically significant correlation between the duration of disease and elevated AER (p less than 0.012), and the occurrence of retinopathy (p less than 0.0001). Although there was a close correlation between retinopathy and elevated AER (p less than 0.0001), it is remarkable that 31% of the patients with normal AER (less than 15 micrograms/min) showed signs of non proliferative RP. On the other hand 30% of patients without retinal changes showed an elevated AER (less than 15 micrograms/min). In the group of microalbuminuric patients (greater than 15 micrograms/min) systolic (p less than 0.004) and diastolic (p less than 0.04) blood pressures were significantly higher than in normoalbuminuric patients (less than 15 micrograms/min). Patients with proliferative retinopathy showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic (p less than 0.015) blood pressures compared to patients without retinal changes, though albumin excretion rates were not different in both groups of patients. In conclusion, our results show that diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy do not develop simultaneously in a representative number of insulin-dependent diabetic patients, but hypertension may be a major risk factor for the development of both microangiopathic complications.
 ...
PMID:[Significance of arterial blood pressure for the development of microalbuminuria and retinopathy in type I diabetes mellitus]. 323 57

Urinary excretion of albumin and beta-2-microglobulin was measured in nine hypertensive and nine normotensive renal transplant recipients and 10 healthy control subjects before and after an oral water load of 20 ml (kg body weight)-1 (study 1) and in eight hypertensive and 11 normotensive renal transplant recipients and 11 healthy control subjects during 24-h water deprivation (study 2). In both studies 1 and 2 urinary albumin excretion was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the hypertensive renal transplant recipients that in the normotensive patients and the control subjects (levels before loading; hypertensives: 23.9 micrograms/min (median), range 7.5-58.7; normotensives: 3.4 micrograms/min, range 1.0-49.3; controls: 2.9 micrograms/min, range 1.3-10.3). Urinary albumin excretion was significantly positive correlated to both systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (for mean blood pressure: rho = 0.625, n = 18, p less than 0.01) in transplanted patients. Albumin excretion tended to increase after water loading and to decrease during water deprivation in all groups. Beta-2-microglobulin excretion was approximately the same in all groups in both studies 1 and 2 and was not correlated to blood pressure. During a follow-up period of at least 18 months, none of the renal transplant recipients developed signs of chronic graft failure. Increased urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive renal transplant recipients thus appears to be caused by increased glomerular permeability that may be due to glomerular damage induced by arterial hypertension corresponding to the findings in essential hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Urinary excretion of albumin and beta-2-microglobulin in hypertensive and normotensive renal transplant recipients during urinary diluting and concentrating tests. 353 62

Fluid-percussion models of traumatic brain injury produce injury by rapidly injecting fluid volumes into the epidural space. In the present study, we characterized the physiological, histopathological, and neurological responses in a new model of midline (vertex) fluid-percussion injury of graded severity in the rat. All levels of injury produced transient (acute) hypertension, which was followed by a significant and prolonged hypotension at the higher levels of injury. There was also postinjury suppression if EEG amplitudes, which was related to the severity of injury. However, there were no significant changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAERs) at any level of injury. Neurological scores over a 4-week postinjury period were directly correlated with the severity of injury. Survival rates were significantly decreased at the higher magnitudes of injury. The extent of postinjury hemorrhage and blood-brain barrier disruption (as evidenced by extravasation of Evans Blue Albumin complex) was related to the magnitude of injury. These data demonstrate that the midline (vertex) model of fluid-percussion injury in the rat reproduces many of the features of head injury observed in other models and species and may serve as a useful cost-effective model for the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of traumatic brain injury.
 ...
PMID:Traumatic brain injury in the rat: characterization of a midline fluid-percussion model. 369 Jun 95

Urinary albumin, measured by radioimmunoassay, was evaluated as a method to assess early renal impairment in 76 insulin (IDD) and 36 noninsulin (NIDD)-dependent diabetic patients. Mean albumin excretion in IDD and NIDD patients was significantly higher at 23 and 12 micrograms/100 ml glomerular filtrate (GF) respectively, compared to 4 micrograms/100 ml GF in normal subjects (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05). Abnormal albumin excretion from 20 to 200 micrograms/100 ml GF was observed in 30% of IDD patients (P less than 0.001) and 15% of NIDD patients (P less than 0.03). Albumin excretion was significantly increased in hypertensive IDD and NIDD patients. Significant correlations between albumin excretion and age, duration of diabetes and creatinine clearance were observed, but albumin excretion did not correlate with hemoglobin A1C. These data indicate that (1) 30% of IDD patients not clinically recognized as having renal impairment have abnormal albumin excretion, (2) albumin excretion may reflect renal impairment, since albumin excretion levels independently correlate with duration of diabetes and hypertension in both diabetic subgroups and to glomerular function in NIDD patients, and (3) measurement of urinary albumin by radioimmunoassay may be the most sensitive test to evaluate early renal disease in diabetes.
 ...
PMID:The interrelationships of radioimmunoassayable urinary albumin, renal function and diabetes. 372 Apr 98

The effects on renal function of moderate restriction in protein intake were studied in 14- to 20-yr-old type I diabetic patients who had no clinical renal disease or hypertension; matched normal subjects served as controls. After assessment of protein intake and renal function, studies were conducted at the completion of each of two consecutive dietary periods of 1 wk. Diets containing 3.5 and 1.5 g X kg-1 X day-1 protein were provided during the first and second periods, respectively. Baseline protein intakes were substantial in both controls (1.86 g X kg-1 X day-1) and diabetics (2.17 g X kg-1 X day-1). Baseline creatinine clearance was increased in diabetics (P = .043). At the end of the high-protein intake period, both diabetics and controls showed similar high values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF). GFR and RPF decreased markedly (P less than .001) and to a similar degree in both groups after normal protein intake. GFR and RPF in diabetics were not higher than in controls at this point, but filtration fraction was increased in diabetics. Albumin excretion rates were similar in both groups and not influenced by renal function changes. GFR and RPF values correlated significantly with the quantity of protein intake, as estimated from the urea nitrogen appearance rate in both groups. The results suggest that the functional response to variations in protein intake is not altered in the diabetic kidney. In addition, increased renal function in diabetics may be related partly to the excessive protein content in commonly prescribed diabetic diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effect on renal function of change from high to moderate protein intake in type I diabetic patients. 379 65

The aim of the study was to clarify whether antihypertensive treatment with a selective beta blocker would have an effect on the progression rate of kidney disease in patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. Six male patients with juvenile-onset diabetes with incipient nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion above 15 micrograms/min and total protein excretion below 0.5 g/24 hr) were treated with metoprolol (200 mg daily). At the start of the antihypertensive treatment the mean age was 32 years +/- 4.2 (SD). The patients were followed a mean 5.4 years +/- 3.1 (SD) with repeated measurements of urinary albumin excretion before and during 2.6 years +/- 1.0 (SD) of treatment. The blood pressure was depressed by the treatment (systolic blood pressure from 135 mm Hg +/- 8.6 to 124 mm Hg +/- 6.2, NS; mean blood pressure from 107 mm Hg +/- 7.6 to 97 mm Hg +/- 3.4, 2p less than 0.05; diastolic blood pressure from 93 mm Hg +/- 9.1 to 84 mm Hg +/- 3.6, 2p less than 0.05. Albumin excretion decreased (131.0 micrograms/min X/divided by 2.9 [geometric mean X/divided by tolerance factor] to 56.1 micrograms/min X/divided by 3.7, 2p less than 0.02). The mean yearly increase in urinary albumin excretion before treatment was 18 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD). Albumin excretion decreased during treatment: 17% +/- 15 per year (mean +/- SD, 2p less than 0.02). No changes were seen in glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow (149 ml/min +/- 5.8 vs 144 ml/min +/- 11.1, and 516 ml/min +/- 31.0 vs 541 ml/min +/- 68.5 respectively [n = 5]).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypertension
PMID:Effect of antihypertensive treatment on progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy. 390 17

Rats were subjected to adrenaline-induced acute hypertension during either the day or night. Albumin leakage into the brain was studied with Evans blue and 125I labeled serum albumin. The leakage was significantly lower during the night than during the day (P less than 0.001). d,1-propranolol had a protective effect (P less than 0.001) during the day and a slight reduction of the radioactivity (P less than 0.05 in some parts of the brain) was obtained by metoprolol (10 mg/kg) but not by butoxamine (10 mg/kg). None of the drugs reduced the tracer leakage during the night. The results suggest that the degree of alertness is of importance for the function of the blood-brain barrier in acute hypertension. However, the present experimental situation does not allow a separation of the effect of alertness per se and dark/light cycles. The changed vulnerability during the night could be related to enhanced neuronal activity, altered beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity or to hormonal factors.
 ...
PMID:The blood-brain barrier in adrenaline-induced hypertension. Circadian variations and modification by beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists. 611 Nov 72

The functions of the putative noradrenergic innervation of cerebral microvessels from the nucleus locus ceruleus remain ambiguous. Although most evidence indicates that such innervation does not have a major role in the control of cerebral blood flow, there are increasing indications that it modulates transport and permeability functions of the blood-brain barrier. In this study we investigated the effect of unilateral chemical lesioning of the locus ceruleus on the leakage of radioiodinated human serum albumin across the blood-brain barrier. Experiments were performed in awake and restrained rats under steady-state conditions and during drug-induced systemic arterial hypertension, and in anesthetized and paralyzed rats during bicuculline-induced seizures. Both hypertension and seizures are known to be associated with increased leakage of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Albumin leakage into norepinephrine-depleted forebrain structures ipsilateral to the locus ceruleus lesion was compared with that of the contralateral side. There were no side-to-side differences in blood-brain barrier permeability to albumin under steady-state conditions, the stress of restraint, or angiotensin-induced hypertension, or after isoproterenol administration. Norepinephrine-induced hypertension and seizures, however, caused significant increases in albumin leakage into forebrain structures ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that noradrenergic innervation of cerebral microvessels from the locus ceruleus helps preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during pathophysiological states associated with hypertension and increased circulating catecholamines.
 ...
PMID:The protective influence of the locus ceruleus on the blood-brain barrier. 674 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>