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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Penile tissue (consisting of corpus cavernosum and tunica albuginea) was obtained from 19 patients undergoing surgery for the implantation of penile prostheses. The tissue was examined for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves, acetylcholinesterase-positive staining in nerves and noradrenaline content. Impotence was due to a variety of causes; 11 patients were classified as a 'non-neuropathic' group on the basis of their clinical history which included Peyronie's disease, vascular disease, hypertension and psychogenic impotence. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were present and the pattern and distribution were similar in each patient in this group. The noradrenaline content of the tunica albuginea was significantly lower than the corpus cavernosum (p less than 0.02), although there was a linear relationship between the noradrenaline contents of the two regions (r = 0.95, p less than 0.01). By comparison, a complete absence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves was observed in a patient with a cauda equina lesion. Five out of six diabetic patients studied revealed a marked reduction in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves associated with the cavernous smooth muscle, while acetylcholinesterase-positive staining was reduced in three out of five diabetic patients studied. The noradrenaline content of the corpus cavernosum from diabetic patients was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) than that of the 'non-neuropathic' group. The noradrenaline content of the tunica albuginea, however, was similar in both groups. The results provide evidence that VIPergic, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the penis are affected in diabetes mellitus and thus may contribute to the development of impotence in diabetic patients.
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PMID:Changes in the VIPergic, cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human penile tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic impotent males. 243 29

The distribution and density of nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y around the cerebral and peripheral blood vessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were studied using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Neonatal sympathectomy of SHRSP with anti-nerve growth factor and guanethidine was also carried out to study the effect of sympathectomy on the distribution of these nerves. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerve density was higher in the veins and superior mesenteric artery of SHRSP than of WKY and lower in the cerebral arteries of SHRSP than of WKY, but no difference was found in the muscular mesenteric arteries. Sympathectomy reduced the density of these nerves in all the peripheral vessels but had little effect on the cerebral arteries. Density of substance P nerves was similar between SHRSP and WKY in the peripheral vessels but higher in the cerebral arteries of WKY than of SHRSP. Sympathectomy reduced the density of these nerves in the peripheral vessels but increased the density in some cerebral arteries of SHRSP. Neuropeptide Y nerve density was higher in the peripheral blood vessels of SHRSP than of WKY, and no difference was found in the cerebral arteries. Sympathectomy almost completely removed these nerves in the peripheral vessels but had no effect on the cerebral arteries. We suggest that some of the differences in nerve density between SHRSP and WKY, especially those in the peripheral blood vessels, may be related to the development of hypertension in the SHRSP.
Hypertension 1988 Feb
PMID:Peptide-containing nerves around blood vessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 245 64

In the present study, the mean arterial pressures (MAP) and heart rates (HR) were measured in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that had received a 10-day continuous subcutaneous infusion of either saline or the centrally acting alpha-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (10 micrograms/kg/h). In separate groups of similarly treated rats, the concentrations of neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured in the cortex (COR), hypothalamus (HYP), medulla oblongata/pons (MO/P), and cervical (CSC) and thoracic (TSC) spinal cord. In comparison to the WKY rats, the SHR had significantly lower neuropeptide concentrations within the COR (NPY, CCK-8), HYP (NT), MO/P (NPY, NT, and CCK-8), CSC (all neuropeptides), and TSC (NPY, NT, CCK-8, and VIP). The infusion of clonidine lowered the MAP of the WKY and SHR rats (-10 and -35 mm Hg, as compared with respective saline controls) and HR in the WKY rats (-45 beats/min). In general, the infusion of clonidine produced decreases in neuropeptide levels within the CNS of the WKY rather than the SHR strain. When there was a strain difference (i.e., SHR less than WKY), it was evident, particularly within the spinal cord, that clonidine reduced the levels of the neuropeptides in the WKY rats to those levels in the SHR. These findings suggest that the reduced neuropeptide concentrations of the SHR (particularly those within the CSC) and TSC may be a result of, rather than a causal factor in, hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regional brain concentrations of several putative peptide neurotransmitters in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects of continuous (10-day) clonidine infusion. 245 67

A monoclonal antibody to alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP), KY-ANP-I, has been produced by fusion of a nonproducing mouse myeloma cell line, X63-Ag8.653, with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with synthetic alpha-hANP conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin using the carbodiimide coupling procedure. Hybridomas were screened for antibody production by radioimmunoassay using culture media and 125I-alpha-hANP. They were cloned by the limiting dilution technique, expanded in culture, and injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. The obtained antibody belonged to the immunoglobulin G1 subclass. Analysis by a Scatchard plot revealed a high affinity for alpha-hANP, with an association constant of 3.1 x 10(10) M-1. With this monoclonal antibody, a specific radioimmunoassay for alpha-hANP has been established. The antibody in mouse ascites was available for radioimmunoassay at a final dilution of 1:10(6). Values of IC10 and IC50 in this radioimmunoassay were 3 and 30 fmol/tube, respectively. The radioimmunoassay showed a cross-reactivity of 0.9% with alpha-rat ANP. alpha-hANP-(8-22) and alpha-ANP-(1-6) exhibited less cross-reactivity than alpha-rat ANP on a molar basis. There was no cross-reaction with alpha-ANP-(17-28). Thus, the recognized epitope must be located in the N-terminal half of the ring structure of alpha-hANP including Met12 residue. This radioimmunoassay could detect gamma-hANP and beta-hANP as well as alpha-hANP. The monoclonal antibody was also useful for immunohistochemical studies. ANP-positive cells were finely stained in the human atrium using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypertension 1988 Aug
PMID:A monoclonal antibody to alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide. 245 52

Perivascular innervation of the mesenteric arteries of 7-week-old and 6-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats was examined. The densities of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers and adrenergic nerve fibers were increased in the distal regions of mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared with findings in Wistar-Kyoto rats. However, the densities of cholinergic nerve fibers, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing, and substance P-containing nerve fibers in the mesenteric arteries of the spontaneously hypertensive rats were unchanged in comparison with findings in the Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thus, not only adrenergic nerve fibers but also neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers may play an important role in the development and maintenance of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Hypertension 1989 Dec
PMID:Perivascular innervation of the mesenteric artery in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 247 2

Vasodilators are used clinically for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. The effects of some vasodilators seem to be mediated by membrane hyperpolarization. The molecular basis of this hyperpolarization has been investigated by examining the properties of single K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle cells. The presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channels in these cells was demonstrated at the single channel level. These channels were opened by the hyperpolarizing vasodilator cromakalim and inhibited by the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide. Furthermore, in arterial rings the vasorelaxing actions of the drugs diazoxide, cromakalim, and pinacidil and the hyperpolarizing actions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine were blocked by inhibitors of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, suggesting that all these agents may act through a common pathway in smooth muscle by opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels.
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PMID:Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle. 250 69

We developed control system of total artificial heart (TAH) during exercise simulating the circulatory response of natural heart. The following procedures were taken to develop this system. 1) Measurement of hemodynamics and physical activity rate (PAR) of natural heart goats during treadmill exercise. 2) Estimation of cardiac output from PAR using a non-linear model. 3) Development of a pneumatic artificial heart (AH) driver with high speed controllability and a control unit to deliver CO calculated from PAR beat by beat. 4) Evaluation of the physiological condition of the TAH goat during exercise controlled by this system. Using this control method, CO of TAH goats was similar to that of natural heart goats during treadmill exercise. Hypertension was observed during exercise. This hypertension was considered to be derived from two causes. One was high inflow and outflow resistance of cannulae between AH pump and living body. The other was the disorder of peripheral circulatory control mechanism in TAH animal. Such as increased sympathetic activity, insufficient secretion of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) and decreased sensitivity of peripheral circulatory system with ANP.
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PMID:[Automatic control of total artificial heart to simulate the hemodynamics under natural heart circulation]. 252 90

To determine whether pharmacological control of blood pressure could affect the renal function and levels of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with renal ablation, and to ascertain the benefits of antihypertensive drugs, we studied effects of oral administration of captopril (50 mg/kg/day), an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, benidipine (3 mg/kg/day) and nilvadipine (10 mg/kg/day), newly developed blockers of calcium channel, and indapamide (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days on systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma ANP concentration in SHR subjected to surgical removal of the left kidney and infarction of two-thirds of the right kidney (5/6 nephrectomy) a week before. Three weeks after the surgery, systolic blood pressure (mmHg) in the untreated group was 253 +/- 9 (n = 10), in the captopril group 156 +/- 9 (n = 7, p less than 0.05), in the benidipine group 197 +/- 9 (n = 7, p less than 0.05), in the nilvadipine group 146 +/- 9 (n = 7, p less than 0.05) and in the indapamide group 206 +/- 5 (n = 7, p less than 0.05). Serum creatinine (mg/100 ml) was lower in the captopril group (0.58 +/- 0.02, n = 7, p less than 0.05) and in the benidipine group (0.50 +/- 0.03, n = 7, p less than 0.05) but not in the nilvadipine group and in the indapamide group 3 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy compared to the untreated group. Blood urea nitrogen was also lower in the captopril group and in the benidipine group but not in the nilvadipine group and in the indapamide group. Plasma ANP concentration was significantly reduced by the treatment with captopril and benidipine but not with nilvadipine and indapamide. These results suggest that the reduction of blood pressure by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with captopril has the potential to ameliorate renal function of the SHR with remnant kidney, a model of chronic renal failure with hypertension, associated with the decreased concentration of plasma ANP. However, it remains to be determined whether the reduction of blood pressure by calcium channel blockers may be involved in the delayed progression of renal failure in this model since there were disparate effects on renal function and plasma ANP concentration with these two calcium channel blockers.
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PMID:Effects of antihypertensive drugs on renal function and atrial natriuretic polypeptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats with renal ablation. 252 46

The effect of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) on hemodynamics and renal function was evaluated after the reconstructive surgery of the left renal artery in a patient with renovascular hypertension secondary to Takayasu's arteritis. The reconstructive surgery was done using the femoral artery, since we were unable to obtain adequate vein segments to fit the renal artery. The femoral artery was reconstructed by her saphenous vein segments. After 30 min of the aortorenal bypass operation, alpha-human ANP (alpha-hANP) was infused intravenously for 10 min at a rate of 0.1 microgram/kg/min. Although total peripheral resistance was decreased by alpha-hANP infusion, blood pressure was not changed because of the increased cardiac output. Glomerular filtration rate was increased markedly with concomitant increase in urine volume and urinary excretions of sodium, potassium and phosphate. Fractional excretions of water and sodium were not changed, but fractional excretion of phosphate and potassium clearance were increased. Thus, the infusion of alpha-hANP markedly improved the renal function of the ischemic kidney by the reconstructive surgery of the renal artery, suggesting that alpha-hANP seems clinically applicable as a protective agent in renal ischemia at renovascular surgery as well as the renal transplantation.
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PMID:Atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) as protective agent of renal ischemia. 253 78

To explain the pathophysiological significance of endogenous atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) in the development of hypertension, we examined the effect of chronic, repetitive administrations of MAb raised against alpha-rat ANP in two rat models of hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats of the stroke prone substrain (SHR-SP), and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. Weekly intravenous administrations of MAb with high affinity for alpha-rat ANP, named KY-ANP-II (MAb[KY-ANP-II]), started at the age of 6 wk, significantly augmented the rise in blood pressure of SHR-SP, compared with control SHR-SP treated with another MAb with quite low affinity for alpha-rat ANP, named KY-ANP-I (MAb[KY-ANP-I]), throughout the observation period. The administrations of MAb[KY-ANP-II] had no significant effect on blood pressure of age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats, compared with those receiving MAb[KY-ANP-I]. Weekly administrations of MAb[KY-ANP-II] also significantly aggravated hypertension in DOCA-salt rats. Blood pressure of DOCA-salt rats treated with MAb[KY-ANP-II] was significantly higher than that of DOCA-salt rats treated with MAb[KY-ANP-I] throughout 8 wk of DOCA and 1% saline administration. The administration of MAb[KY-ANP-II] also significantly attenuated exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis in DOCA-salt rats compared with those treated with MAb[KY-ANP-I]. Elevated plasma cGMP levels of both SHR-SP and DOCA-salt rats were significantly reduced by the administration of MAb[KY-ANP-II]. These results suggest the compensatory role of augmented secretion of ANP in these hypertensive rats and support the concept that augmented secretion of ANP could represent an antihypertensive deterrent mechanism.
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PMID:Chronic blockade of endogenous atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) by monoclonal antibody against ANP accelerates the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-hypertensive rats. 254 22


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