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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been reported that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations are elevated in pregnancy and further elevated in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Atrial stretch and volume expansion appear to be important stimuli for ANP release. During normal pregnancy, a striking change in hemodynamics occurs that may increase plasma ANP concentrations. ANP has potent natriuretic, diuretic, and smooth muscle relaxant activities. The biological effects of ANP during pregnancy may play an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy. Because of possible interactions during pregnancy due to secondary effects of maternal cardiovascular changes and physiological adaptation, the present study sought to evaluate and characterize the local effects of atriopeptin II on the uterine vascular bed of the nonpregnant sheep. Ewes with catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein, and uterine artery and electromagnetic flow probes on the middle uterine arteries were monitored for blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and uterine blood flow before and after the administration into the uterine artery of bolus injections of 2, 4, 20, and 40 x 10(-9) M (5, 10, 50, and 100 micrograms) of the synthetic ANP (atriopeptin II). For comparison purposes, the effects of prostaglandin I2 in doses of 1.2, 2.5, 12, and 25 x 10(-8) M (5, 10, 50, and 100 micrograms), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in doses of 3, 9, 30, 90, 300, and 900 x 10(-11) M (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms), and bradykinin in doses of 9.4, 28, 94, 280, 940, and 2800 x 10(-11) M (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms) were also tested. Appropriate vehicles were tested and found to be without effect. All four compounds were found to be vasodilators of the nonpregnant uterine vasculature. ANP administered into the uterine artery decreased BP (87 +/- 4 mm Hg to 79 +/- 4 mm Hg with 50 micrograms [20 x 10(-9) M]), increased HR (90 +/- 5 bpm to 105 +/- 4 bpm), and significantly increased uterine blood flow (from 14 +/- 3 to 37 +/- 4 ml/min with a dose of 100 micrograms [40 x 10(-8) M, P < 0.05]). Prostaglandin I2 failed to alter BP, but caused significant increases on HR (100 +/- 4 to 124 +/- 13 bpm, P < 0.05) and uterine blood flow (17 +/- 4 to 73 +/- 10 ml/min, P < 0.05). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide caused a significant tachycardia (97 +/- 10 to 158 +/- 9 bpm, P < 0.05) at the highest dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide and other vasoactive compounds on the uterine vascular bed of the nonpregnant sheep. 143 42

Penile tissue (consisting of corpus cavernosum and tunica albuginea) was obtained from 19 patients undergoing surgery for the implantation of penile prostheses. The tissue was examined for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves, acetylcholinesterase-positive staining in nerves and noradrenaline content. Impotence was due to a variety of causes; 11 patients were classified as a 'non-neuropathic' group on the basis of their clinical history which included Peyronie's disease, vascular disease, hypertension and psychogenic impotence. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves were present and the pattern and distribution were similar in each patient in this group. The noradrenaline content of the tunica albuginea was significantly lower than the corpus cavernosum (p less than 0.02), although there was a linear relationship between the noradrenaline contents of the two regions (r = 0.95, p less than 0.01). By comparison, a complete absence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves was observed in a patient with a cauda equina lesion. Five out of six diabetic patients studied revealed a marked reduction in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in nerves associated with the cavernous smooth muscle, while acetylcholinesterase-positive staining was reduced in three out of five diabetic patients studied. The noradrenaline content of the corpus cavernosum from diabetic patients was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) than that of the 'non-neuropathic' group. The noradrenaline content of the tunica albuginea, however, was similar in both groups. The results provide evidence that VIPergic, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the penis are affected in diabetes mellitus and thus may contribute to the development of impotence in diabetic patients.
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PMID:Changes in the VIPergic, cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human penile tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic impotent males. 243 29

The distribution and density of nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y around the cerebral and peripheral blood vessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were studied using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Neonatal sympathectomy of SHRSP with anti-nerve growth factor and guanethidine was also carried out to study the effect of sympathectomy on the distribution of these nerves. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerve density was higher in the veins and superior mesenteric artery of SHRSP than of WKY and lower in the cerebral arteries of SHRSP than of WKY, but no difference was found in the muscular mesenteric arteries. Sympathectomy reduced the density of these nerves in all the peripheral vessels but had little effect on the cerebral arteries. Density of substance P nerves was similar between SHRSP and WKY in the peripheral vessels but higher in the cerebral arteries of WKY than of SHRSP. Sympathectomy reduced the density of these nerves in the peripheral vessels but increased the density in some cerebral arteries of SHRSP. Neuropeptide Y nerve density was higher in the peripheral blood vessels of SHRSP than of WKY, and no difference was found in the cerebral arteries. Sympathectomy almost completely removed these nerves in the peripheral vessels but had no effect on the cerebral arteries. We suggest that some of the differences in nerve density between SHRSP and WKY, especially those in the peripheral blood vessels, may be related to the development of hypertension in the SHRSP.
Hypertension 1988 Feb
PMID:Peptide-containing nerves around blood vessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 245 64

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the cerebral circulation are described. Immunocytochemical studies have revealed that cerebral blood vessels are invested with nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In addition, there are studies reporting the occurrence of putative neurotransmitters such as cholecystokinin, dynorphin B, galanin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasopressin, neurotensin, and somatostatin. The nerves occur as a longitudinally oriented network around large cerebral arteries. There is often a richer supply of nerve fibers around arteries than veins. The origin of these nerve fibers has been studied by retrograde tracing and denervation experiments. These techniques, in combination with immunocytochemistry, have revealed a rather extensive innervation pattern. Several ganglia, such as the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and small local ganglia at the base of the skull, contribute to the innervation. Sensory fibers seem to derive from the trigeminal ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and from dorsal root ganglia at level C2. The noradrenergic and most of the NPY fibers derive from the superior cervical ganglion. A minor population of the NPY-containing fibers contains VIP instead of NA and emanates from the sphenopalatine ganglion. The cholinergic and the VIP-containing fibers derive from the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion, and from small local ganglia at the base of the skull. Most of the SP-, NKA-, and CGRP-containing fibers derive from the trigeminal ganglion. Minor contributions may emanate from the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex and from the spinal dorsal root ganglia. NPY is a potent vasoconstrictor in vitro and in situ. VIP, PHI, SP, NKA, and CGRP act via different mechanisms to induce cerebrovascular dilatation. The sympathetic, the parasympathetic, and the sensory systems appear to be involved in modulating cerebrovascular tone in hypertension and in conditions of threatening vasoconstriction, e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage and migraine.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation. 270 77

A 3 year old Chinese girl with watery diarrhoea, abdominal distension and hypokalaemia due to a thoracic paraspinal vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secreting ganglioneuroma is reported. The pre-operative serum VIP was 314 pmol/l (normal less than 30). Her diarrhoea stopped after the removal of the tumour. The VIP was 14 pmol/l 6 months post-operatively. Review of the 19 reported cases in children with documented elevated serum VIP showed that many of the cases presented with watery diarrhoea for prolonged duration before the diagnosis was made. Earliest age of onset was 2 weeks of age. The male to female ratio was 9:10. Ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma were the commonest tumours. Pancreatic non-beta cell hyperplasia and neurofibroma were also reported. Location of the tumour was variable: neck, chest or abdomen. Increased urinary catecholamine excretion was reported in 50% of the cases. Abdominal distension, flushing, episodic hypertension and failure to thrive were the other associated features.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting tumours in children: a case report with literature review. 283 14

A 2-year-old boy with failure to thrive, watery diarrhea, abdominal distention, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and episodes of hypertension and sweating was found to have a calcified right lower quadrant mass. Blood levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and norepinephrine (NE) were elevated. Presurgical management with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride and metyrosine was associated with an absence of expected postoperative hypotension, and resection of a benign ganglioneuroma resulted in prompt relief of all symptoms and return to normal of VIP and NE levels. Evidence supports the theory that VIP is the substance responsible for the diarrhea that accompanies some neural crest tumors.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting tumors of childhood. 610 Dec 97

We studied the relative contributions of splanchnic congestion and porta-systemic shunting to the maintenance of experimental portal venous hypertension. Three groups of rats were prepared: portal vein-stenosed, superior mesenteric vein-ligated and sham operated. Though elevated in both operated groups compared to controls, mesenteric venous pressure was highest in the portal vein-stenosed animals (PV vs SMV vs Sham: 19.6 +/- 1.3 vs 15.6 +/- 0.7 vs 13 +/- 0.6; p < .05 PV and SMV vs Sham, and PV vs SMV) despite the presence of 50% porta-systemic shunting in the portal vein-stenosed animals. Shunting was negligible in the other two groups. Peripheral plasma glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels were similar in all three groups. We conclude that mesenteric congestion alone plays a minor role in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension, which may instead be related to the porta-systemic shunting of vasoactive substances other than glucagon and VIP.
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PMID:Effects of portal vein stenosis and superior mesenteric vein ligation on mesenteric venous pressure and porta-systemic shunting in the rat. 789 34

The present report relates to pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of male impotence. The transdermal application of a potent derivative of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) coupled to a suitable hydrophobic moiety (e.g. stearyl-VIP) in a suitable ointment composition (e.g. Sefsol) enhances sexual activity and erection formation in a variety of impotence models in rats (sterile rats, diabetic rats, and animals with high blood pressure). Furthermore, exchange of the methionine in position 17 with norleucine enhances biological activity. Thus, stearyl-Nle17-VIP may be considered useful for the treatment of impotence.
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PMID:Stearyl-norleucine-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): a novel VIP analog for noninvasive impotence treatment. 815 12

The purpose of this study was to determine whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) elicits vasodilation in the in situ peripheral microcirculation of hamsters with spontaneous hypertension and whether encapsulation of VIP into liposomes modulates this response. Using intravital microscopy, we found that suffusion of VIP (0.05 and 0.1 nmol) alone over cheek pouch resistance arterioles of normotensive hamsters elicited significant vasodilation that was potentiated and prolonged by encapsulation of the peptide into liposomes (P < 0.05). By contrast, VIP (0.5 and 0.1 nmol) had no significant effects on arteriolar diameter in hamsters with spontaneous hypertension. However, encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restored its vasorelaxant effects in hypertensive animals, although the duration of vasodilation was significantly shorter in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). Empty liposomes had no significant effects on arteriolar diameter in either group. These data indicate that VIP-induced vasodilation in the peripheral microcirculation in situ is impaired in essential hypertension and that encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restores, in part, this response.
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PMID:Encapsulation of VIP into liposomes restores vasorelaxation in hypertension in situ. 876 Jan 86

This article provides a brief review of aspects of autonomic and neuroendocrine function studied initially in collaboration with the late Marian Silver. The importance of the sympathetic innervation to the liver in the control of glycogenolysis was established in anaesthetised animals of various species. Otherwise the work has been carried out mainly in conscious animals under strictly physiological conditions and below behavioural threshold. Investigations of the role of the autonomic innervation to the endocrine pancreas in controlling the release of pancreatic hormones, led to the realisation that the parasympathetic innervation mediates responses to glycaemic stimuli while the sympathetic innervation mediates responses to any form of stress. Studies of adrenal medullary function have confirmed that its threshold for many forms of stress is much higher than that of other components of the sympathetic system and revealed the importance of the pattern of electrical stimulation in determining the rates of release of catecholamines, enkephalins, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrendocorticotrophin (ACTH). The splanchnic sympathetic innervation to the adrenal cortex also plays an important role in determining glucocorticoid output by sensitising the cells to ACTH, probably mainly by the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from cortical nerve terminals. Finally studies of feeding in milk-fed calves have shown that suckling is associated with a remarkable hypertension and tachycardia. These cardiovascular effects are due to a selective sympathetic discharge, which does not involve the adrenal medullae, or the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and, at least in the calf, can be attributed to activation of adrenoceptors.
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PMID:Aspects of autonomic and neuroendocrine function. 935 12


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