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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male and female virgin rats and breeder rats with naturally-occurring diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis, were made severely diabetic with a single, subcutaneous injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g b.w.), after an 18 h fast. During five months of unrelenting diabetes, some animals became obese while others became emaciated. Only the emaciated animals survived but they were blind, their adrenal glands were hemorrhagic, hypertrophied and thrombosed, thymi involuted, kidneys swollen, hearts reduced in size while testes and ovaries were atrophic. Serum CPK, SGOT and SGPT were elevated concomitant with extensive cardiovascular damage, hepatic steatosis and generalized catabolism. Circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids were markedly elevated with total cholesterol only slightly increased. BUN and serum calcium levels were also greatly elevated. Sub-normal Cmpd. B levels indicated impaired adrenal steroidogenesis. Virgin rats developed arteriosclerosis and male and female breeder rats showed exacerbation of their pre-existing aortic sclerosis as well as P.A.N. lesions in their small-sized arteries. It is believed that severe diabetes causes exacerbation of the endogenous hormonal milieu resulting from abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function induced by repeated breeding, which conditions the connective tissue components of the arterial wall of rats toward accelerated degenerative changes.
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PMID:Polyarteritis nodosa induced in arteriosclerotic, male and female breeder rats by chronic alloxan diabetes. 1 32

22 pateints with a fixed, sometimes therapy-resistant (N = 18) hypertension were treated with a new antihypertensive agent, the pyridopyridazine derivative BQ 22-708 and hemodynamically investigated. 14 hypertensives received single oral doses of between 5 and 15 mg, 8 other patients also received additional treatment with a beta-receptor blocker (0.8 mg pindolol i.v.) or calcium antagonist (10 mg verapamil i.v.). In hypertension which is only poorly controllable or resistant, therapy with BQ 22-708 combined with beta-receptor offers a genuine alternative medication.
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PMID:[Treatment of hypertension with a combination of pyridopyridazine derivative with a beta-receptor blocker. Studies on the hemodynamic course (author's transl)]. 2 70

Conservative management of chronic renal failure in children is essentially based on dietary prescription including recommendations for high caloric intake and a certain limitation of protein intake according to GFR in order to avoid any extra loading with nitrogen wastes. Prescriptions for sodium potassium and water have to be adjusted on their residual output. Prevention of osteodystrophy needs supplement of calcium, chelation of phosphorus with aluminium hydroxide and the prescription of vitamin D or its active derivatives. High blood pressure when present must be carefully controlled. Drugs, when necessary, have to be given with a dosage taking into account the level of renal failure. Finally, the mode of life of the uremic child should be as close to normal as possible.
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PMID:Conservative treatment of chronic renal insufficiency in children. 4 67

Many reports indicate a significant negative correlation between death-rates for coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) and water hardness. A reverse situation exists in the twin Kansas cities, U.S.A. Kansas City, Kansas, has water which is more than twice as hard as the softened water of Kansas City, Missouri, from the same source. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were similar, but blood-pressure was higher in Kansas City, Kansas, and this correlated with higher serum-sodium, lower serum-potassium, and a tenfold higher serum-cadmium. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were higher in Kansas, while copper, chromium, cobalt, and zinc were higher in Missouri. The serum studies were con ducted on two matched groups of 260 adults from each of the sample cities. Hypertension may account for the reverse C.H.D. rate noted and be cadmium related.
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PMID:Possible toxic water factor in coronary heart-disease. 4 75

In mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat, calcium metabolism was disturbed. A positive correlation was found during the onset of hypertension between, urinary calcium and arterial pressure. After several weeks, when hypertension was sustained, calcium parameters returned to control values.
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PMID:[Relationship between the level of mineralocorticoid arterial hypertension and calcium metabolism in the rat]. 12 20

Clinical, experimental and pathologic studies strongly indicate that hypertension is a major factor in coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency. The deleterious effect of the elevated blood pressure on the cardiovascular system appears to be due mainly to the mechanical stress placed on the heart and blood vessels. Humoral factors and vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin, catecholamines and prostaglandins may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive cardiovascular disease but this role has not yet been defined and is probably secondary. Hypertension and the resulting increase in tangential tension on the myocardial and arterial walls, leads to the development of hypertensive heart disease and congestive heart failure as well as hypertensive vascular disease that affects not only the kidneys but also the heart and brain. Hypertensive vascular disease involves both large and small arteries as well as arterioles and is characterized by fibromuscular thickening of the intima and media with luminal narrowing of the small arteries and arterioles. The physical stress of hypertension on the arterial wall also results in the aggravation and acceleration of atherosclerosis, particularly of the coronary and cerebral vessels. Moreover, hypertension appears to increase the susceptibility of the small and large arteries to atherosclerosis. Thus the patient with hypertension is a candidate for both hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular disease of the coronary and cerebral vessels leading to occlusive disease of both the large and small arteries and resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Other major complications of hypertensive vascular disease include rupture and thrombotic occlusion of blood vessels, especially in the brain. Disease of the arterial media, which begins in childhood with the deposition of calcium in the vessels, may be an important cause of arterial hypertension. This form of hypertension may manifest itself in adults as arteriosclerotic hypertension and lead to cardiovascular complications very similar to those of essential hypertension. The relation of arteriosclerotic hypertension to nutritional factors, including dietary salt intake, deserves study.
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PMID:Role of hypertension in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. 13 91

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive rats were compared with respect to enzymatic activities and calcium accumulation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum enriched fractions from their mesenteric arteries. Increased specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-ATPase, and increased ATP-dependent calcium accumulation were found in 5- to 6-month-old SHR as compared to both strains fo age-matched normotensive rats. Alkaline phosphatase was increased in 33-day-old "early hypertensive" and 3- to 4-month-old SHR, but 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase, and calcium accumulation were not. Hydralazine treatment of young SHR partially prevented the increase of both alkaline phosphatase activity and blood pressure that develops with age. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and the alterations in vascular reactivity associated with hypertension remains to be determined.
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PMID:Relationship between blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats and alterations in membrane properties of mesenteric arteries. 13 88

Physiological doses of parathyroid extract producing normal serum calcium level restore mineralocorticoid hypertension development in parathyroidectomized or thyroparathyroidectomized rats, supplemented with thyroid hormones. On the other hand, increased calcium or magnesium in dietary moderates hypertension development. Those results confirm the participation of parathyroids during mineralocorticoid hypertension.
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PMID:[Calcium metabolism and mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension: effects of parathormone and exogenous thyrocalcitonin and of variations in dietary calcium and magnesium]. 14 54

Evidence has been presented regarding alterations of contractile behavior muscle biochemistry, and ulstrastructure during the course of the hereditary hamster cardiomyopathy. Also, preliminary structural and mechanical data were presented on the acquired cardiomyopathy of diabetes mellitus in experimental animals. In the hamster model, contractile performance, measured as isometric tension and rate of tension development, was shown to be depressed throughout the course of the disease, whereas normalized force-velocity relationships returned to normal only during the compensated stages of hypertrophy. Force-frequency relationships were depressed in myopathic muscles, indicating the presence of alterations in the muscle activation system, namely, the biochemical and functional integrity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of the contractile proteins in myopathic muscle has revealed depressions of Ca2+ activity in purified myosin in addition to an independently increased neutral protease activity that results in the specific degradation of LC2 of myosin. Sympathetic time and norepinephrine turnover increase progressively during the course of the disease. These changes are accompanied by decreasing tissue levels of neorepinephrine and increasing levels of dopamine, indicating a shift in the rate-limiting step for norepinephrine synthesis. Alterations were also noted in nuclear protein composition and serotonin levels. Microscopically, the myolytic and calcification changes that characterize the hamster cardiomyopathy have been confirmed. In addition, contraction bands and lysosomal changes have been observed that may relate to cateholamine hypersensitivity. In the experimental model of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a significant alteration in relaxation process was demonstrated despite the fact that peak tension development and its rate of development were unaltered. Also, the length dependence of contractile behavior was altered when compared to that of age-matched controls, indicating a potential loss of contractility reserve. When animals with combined hypertension and diabetes were studied, bothe contraction and relaxation processes were affected to a greater degree.
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PMID:Hereditary and acquired cardiomyopathies in experimental animals: mechanical, biochemical, and structural features. 15 9

In dogs made hypertensive renal artery stenosis and contralateral nephrectomy, the arterial and myocardial tissue content of water, cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium), and norepinephrine was measured 20 and 60 days after the operation. Hypertensive animals autopsied at the earlier stage of hypertension had significantly lower (-25 to-50%, P smaller than 0.01) arterial norepinephrine than either the sham or nonhypertensive animals. The water and cation content of arteries was unchanged, but aortic tissue contained significantly more water, sodium, potassium, and magnesium than the nonhypertensives. Hypertensives autopsied at 60 days also had lower arterial norepinephrine content than sham and nonhypertensive animals, but this refuction was not significant. Their arterial and aortic tissue contained more water and cations than the nonhypertensive, sham, unoperated, and unilaterally nephrectomized dogs. It is suggested that in the initial stage of renovascular hypertension the arterial norepinephrine content is reduced significantly, whereas at a later stage the arterial water and cations may be involved in the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure.
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PMID:Arterial water, cations, and norepinephrine in early and late renovascular hypertension. 16 31


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