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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oligo-elements such as zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) have a significant influence on the function of the immune system. Various immunological and inflammatory changes are known to occur in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum oligo-elements levels during and following cardiopulmonary bypass. The serum levels of Zn, Se and Cu were determined in 67 consecutive patients, with coronary artery disease admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting. Blood samples for oligo-elements, analysis were withdrawn into metal-free tubes just prior to the start of cardiopulmonary bypass; at 30, 60 and 90 min into cardiopulmonary bypass; following weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass; 30 min after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass; at 24 h; and on the 5th postoperative day. Trace elements analyses were performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Interleukin 6 and 8, as well as serum albumin, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase-MB fractions were also analyzed. The mean age was 63 +/- 9 years and 91% (61) were men. The mean preoperative left ventricular function was 52 +/- 12%, Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class was 3.7 +/- 0.5 and 30% (20) of the operations were re-do's. All patients had normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass-time was 85 +/- 31 min. One patient was lost for the recovery sampling (hospital mortality, 1.5%). Nine patients had a postoperative cardiac index < 2.0 liter/min per m2, which required pharmacological support and additional intra-aortic balloon pump in two of them. Other postoperative complications were few. There was a rapid depletion of S-selenium and S-Zn levels, which were halved at 30 min after cardiopulmonary bypass and remained low throughout the study period. The Cu/Zn ratio increased significantly at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, which indicated an inflammatory reaction and was not normalized until the 5th postoperative day. Length of ischemia time, presence of diabetes. hypertension and hyperlipidemia did not influence the results, while a prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass-time > 120 min resulted in a higher Cu/Zn ratio than observed for shorter cardiopulmonary bypass-times. This indicates a more profound inflammatory response. Inflammatory parameters responded in the same manner as described earlier by others. These data indicate that severe loss of various oligo elements occur in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and suggests that a supplementary administration of zinc and perhaps also selenium could be appropriate during cardiopulmonary bypass.
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PMID:Inflammatory response and oligo-element alterations following cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. 972 21

Calcium-channel antagonist drugs are prescribed widely for angina and hypertension. A limiting side effect is edema, which can make heart failure worse. We show that nifedipine, a dihydropyridine-type calcium-channel antagonist, can increase vascular permeability in rat skeletal muscle and skin when injected locally. In nifedipine-injected cremaster muscle, the copper content, used to quantify Monastral blue dye accumulation, was 15.0 +/- 2.4 microgram/g compared with 5.3 +/- 0.7 microgram/g in control preparations (P < 0. 05). The injection of nifedipine in rat skin in vivo increased local plasma leakage in injected sites from 5.5 +/- 1.1 microliter in control sites to 9.9 +/- 2.5, 17.0 +/- 2.4, 24.3 +/- 5.9, and 23.3 +/- 5.4 microliter in sites injected with 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8), or 10(-7.2) mol/site, respectively (P < 0.05 in each case compared with control). Vascular labeling techniques using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and microanalysis show that the microvascular site of leakage is not from capillaries but from postcapillary venules of 12-36 micrometer in diameter, the same site that controls the edema response in inflammation. Nifedipine can act within the microcirculation to increase the permeability of the postcapillary venule.
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PMID:Nifedipine increases microvascular permeability via a direct local effect on postcapillary venules. 974 89

Mortality in poultry due to aortic rupture is characterized by sudden death. The condition is seen in fast-growing male turkeys but has also been described in chickens, ostriches, and waterfowl. Losses in affected flocks usually only reach 1-2%. Post-mortem examination shows a large blood clot in the abdominal cavity subsequent to a dissecting aneurysm. Fragmentation of elastic fibres and degenerative changes of smooth muscle cells are seen in the region of the rupture. Intimal sclerotic plaques are present adjacent to the site of rupture. Copper deficiency, hypertension, hormonal influences, diet, lathyrism, zinc deficiency, pharmaceuticals, and parasites are precipitating factors for aortic rupture. Field studies suggest that favourable results are obtained with reserpine and copper as treatment for ruptured aorta.
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PMID:[Aortic rupture in poultry: a review]. 1023 19

Captopril (D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl-L-proline) is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used widely in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Captopril also inhibits proliferation of a variety of cell types, including several lacking ACE and renin acitvity. We have previously demonstrated that human mammary ductal carcinoma cells are among the cell types whose mitotic activity is inhibited by captopril. In those cells, captopril also reduces estrogen receptor (ER) and increases progesterone receptor (PR) concentrations. The present study evaluated the mechanism of captopril's antiproliferative action in an ER/PR-negative human mammary ductal carcinoma cell line, Hs578T. Cells grown in a 10% serum medium showed negligible changes in the presence of captopril alone. However, in the presence of subphysiologic concentrations of copper salts or copper-loaded ceruloplasmin, captopril caused a dose-dependent reduction in cell number, thymidine incorporation and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. In contrast, iron salts and iron-saturated transferrin had no effect on captopril activity. Catalase and horseradish peroxidase nullified the cytotoxic effects of captopril/Cu++, whereas H2O2 mimicked those effects. These data are consistent with the notion of a copper-catalyzed oxidation of captopril, leading to the generation of H2O2 as the cytotoxin to this clinically important cell type.
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PMID:Mechanism of captopril toxicity to a human mammary ductal carcinoma cell line in the presence of copper. 1051 67

Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of dietary copper deficiency. 1061 3

Angiotensin II stimulates vascular NADPH oxidase to produce superoxide, which can react with nitric oxide and impair vasomotor function. We tested the hypothesis that the overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) would correct angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effects of the gene transfer of eNOS or 2 isoforms of SOD to the aorta in angiotensin II-treated rabbits on vasomotor function. New Zealand White rabbits were treated for 1 week with angiotensin II (100 ng. kg(-1). min(-1)) or saline by osmotic minipumps. In angiotensin II-treated rabbits, mean blood pressure was 107+/-8 mm Hg; it was 67+/-5 mm Hg in saline-infused rabbits (P<0.05). In aortas from angiotensin II-treated rabbits, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in superoxide levels, and the oxidative fluorescent probe hydroethidine indicated increased superoxide levels throughout the vascular wall, especially in the endothelium and adventitia. Maximal relaxation to acetylcholine was less in aortas from rabbits treated with angiotensin II (72+/-5% versus 87+/-4% in saline-treated rabbits; P<0.01), but responses to sodium nitroprusside were similar. Segments of the thoracic aorta were incubated in vitro with an adenoviral vector that expressed eNOS, copper zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), extracellular SOD (ECSOD), or beta-galactosidase. beta-Gal treatment with adenovirus containing the gene for eNOS (AdeNOS) but not adenovirus containing the gene for beta-gal (Adbeta-gal) (control virus) restored responses to acetylcholine (82+/-3% after AdeNOS and 67+/-4% after Adbeta-gal). Gene transfer of CuZnSOD or ECSOD did not improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta in rabbits that received angiotensin II. Thus, gene transfer of eNOS, but not SOD, effectively restores vasomotor function in angiotensin II-infused rabbits.
Hypertension 2000 Feb
PMID:Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase reduces angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction. 1067 3

Although the nutritional essentiality of copper was established in 1928, a preoccupation with hematology delayed the discovery of cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency for more than a decade. Anatomical studies of several species of deficient animals revealed, interalia, aortic fissures and rupture, arterial foam cells and smooth muscle migration, cardiac enlargement and rupture, coronary artery thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Abnormal biochemistry in deficiency probably contributes to these lesions, e.g., decreased activities of lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase which result in failure of collagen and elastin crosslinking and impaired defense against free radicals. Copper deficiency also decreases copper in hearts and other organs and cells and increases cholesterol in plasma. Abnormal physiology from deficiency includes abnormal electrocardiograms, glucose intolerance and hypertension. People with ischemic heart disease have decreased cardiac and leucocyte copper and decreased activities of some copper-dependent enzymes. Copper depletion experiments with men and women have revealed abnormalities of lipid metabolism, blood pressure control, and electrocardiograms plus impaired glucose tolerance. The Western diet often is as low in copper as that proved insufficient for these people. Knowledge of nutritional history can be useful in addressing contemporary nutritional problems.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency--a history. 1072 36

Ascorbic acid and glutathione (GSH) are important determinants of the intracellular redox state, and both are known to accelerate the decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous adduct of nitric oxide (NO). The implications of these observations for GSNO bioactivity are not yet clear. We investigated the effect of ascorbic acid and GSH on GSNO bioactivity by using a bioassay with isolated segments of guinea pig aorta suspended in organ chambers. Arterial segments demonstrated relaxation to GSNO (0.1 micromol/L) that was significantly enhanced by 300 micromol/L ascorbic acid (71+/-6% versus 53+/-6%, P<0.05) but not GSH. Both ascorbic acid and GSH significantly shortened the duration of arterial relaxation in response to 0.1 micromol/L GSNO (from >120 minutes to 22.5+/-3.5 and 36.3+/-4.3 minutes, respectively; P<0.05), consistent with accelerated decomposition of GSNO that was confirmed spectrophotometrically. The effect of ascorbic acid was abrogated by either DTPA or the copper(I)-specific agent bathocuproine but not deferoxamine, indicating a dependence on the availability of redox-active copper. Consistent with this notion, the action of ascorbic acid on GSNO bioactivity was also supported by copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, a physiologically relevant source of copper. In contrast, the effect of GSH on GSNO degradation and GSNO-mediated arterial relaxation was independent of transition metal ions, because DTPA had no effect. These data indicate that both ascorbic acid and GSH modulate GSNO bioactivity and suggest a distinction between the mechanism of GSNO degradation by ascorbic acid or GSH. Whereas both ascorbic acid and GSH accelerate the degradation of GSNO, only ascorbic acid is dependent on the presence of transition metal ions.
Hypertension 2000 Aug
PMID:Ascorbic acid and glutathione modulate the biological activity of S-nitrosoglutathione. 1094 92

The aim of this work was the evaluation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to oxidation in the survivors of ischaemic stroke. The investigations were performed in 65 individuals at least three months after the onset of acute symptoms. In 24 patients stroke was caused by alterations in main cerebral arteries, in 19 by considerable narrowing of carotid artery, in 15 by alterations in small cerebral arteries with often accompanying hypertension and/or diabetes (lacunar stroke) and in 7 by embolism of cardiac origin in individuals with cardiac arrhythmia and coronary artery disease. The control group comprised 25 age matched persons without pathological symptoms. Plasma lipids and apolipoprotein B levels were determined as well as two antioxidants: alpha-tocopherol level and superoxide dismutase activity. The evaluation of lipid peroxidation was performed by determining thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and lipid peroxides (LPO) increase after 5 hours oxidation of isolated LDL in vitro in the presence of copper ions. The level of IgG directed against modified LDL was also evaluated. In the patients decreased HDL cholesterol level was observed as well as increased apolipoprotein B. In the group of thrombotic strokes high triglycerides were observed. alpha-tocopherol level was decreased in the group of cerebral strokes. The amounts of oxidation products did not differ between the whole group of patients after stroke and the controls. A significant increase concerned only the group of lacunar strokes. The evaluation of LDL susceptibility to oxidation in patients after stroke by measuring absorption at 234 nm and determining the time period necessary to the onset of intensive LDL oxidation will be the subject of a separate publication.
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PMID:[In vitro oxidation of low density lipoproteins in patients after ischemic stroke]. 1097 39

Macrofungi can accumulate some minerals, including toxic metals if present in the substrate. A periodic monitoring of these elements in mushrooms is recommended when the conditions of cultivation are altered. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineral content of Pleurotus spp (hiratake and shimeji) and of imported (chilean and italian) dehydrated mushrooms. Fresh fruiting bodies of Pleurotus spp were obtained from cultivators and dehydrated mushrooms were bought in a market. The samples were dried, milled and digested by C1H-NO3H. The content of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and B were analyzed by ICP-AES and Al, Cd, Cr, Pb, Co, Ni by ICP-OES. The results classify these mushrooms as a source of potassium and copper: Pleurotus spp are also a source of phosphorus (P < 0.05); the chilean mushrooms present high content of iron (P < 0.05). All the evaluated mushrooms were identified as a food without sodium (< 5 mg Na/100 g). So these mushrooms being a source of potassium without Na, answer the needs of hypertension and/or heart diseases patients as a food and/or like a condiment for flavor enhancement. Subsequent studies should include major sampling and the evaluation of the toxic metals, Pb and Cr, employing more accurate methods of analysis, as well as the evaluation of Hg (not analysed in this study), mainly in wild mushrooms, commercialized dehydrated.
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PMID:[Mineral composition of edible mushrooms cultivated in Brazil--Pleurotus spp and other dehydrated species]. 1104 80


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