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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The involvement of elements in the pathological process of primary hypertension has been established. The tissue distribution of 12 elements was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive homologous rats (WKY). A multi-element analytical technique allowed simultaneous determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, rubidium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, sulphur and phosphorus in blood, plasma, brain, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart and bone. Most elements were modified in SHR, except Ca, Rb and S. In plasma, an increase in Cu (+22%) and a decrease in K (-8%), Mg (-15%) and P (-11%) were observed. These variations, qualitatively similar to those found in man, suggest that the results in animal tissues could be extrapolated to man. Modifications were observed in all the tissues tested. Among them significant variations were noted in Na (+18%), Mn (+12%) and Cu (+29%) in kidney, and in K (+5%), Mg (+9%), Sr (-29%) and Zn (+14%) in heart. The role of these plasma and tissue variations in hypertension is discussed, as well as the possible involvement of the hypertensive process and/or hormones.
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PMID:Altered element concentrations in tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 316 65

A double-blind parallel group study was carried out in patients with mild to moderate hypertension to assess the effects of 6 mg piretanide once or twice daily, in comparison to 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus 5 mg amiloride once daily, on serum trace-element levels over a period of three months. The results showed that for most of the trace elements investigated (zinc, iron, copper, manganese and cobalt) no relevant changes were seen. Only serum iron values (medians) showed a slight drop (p less than 0.05) with 6 mg piretanide twice daily. The results indicate that a three-months' therapy with piretanide or with a thiazide-potassium sparer diuretic combination is safe without producing any disturbances in the serum levels of trace elements.
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PMID:Serum trace-element levels in piretanide-treated hypertensives: a double-blind trial against hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride. 329 16

Captopril, a sulfhydryl compound that lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the zinc metalloenzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme, may occasionally result in ageusia, a symptom also associated with zinc deficiency. We therefore studied serum zinc and copper concentrations in a group of 14 essential hypertensive subjects before treatment and after 5-6 months of antihypertensive oral monotherapy with either captopril (50 mg, twice daily; n = 7) or other drugs (propranolol or alphamethyldopa; n = 7). Serum zinc and copper were unaltered by either regimen. Thus, zinc depletion is an unlikely consequence of long-term exposure to captopril, at least in the dosages commonly used for treatment of hypertension.
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PMID:Serum zinc is unaffected by effective captopril treatment of hypertension. 333 Sep 85

Popular belief has often attributed the disproportionate occurrence of hypertension in blacks to the increased social stresses faced by the minority population. Evidence now points to a more biologically relevant explanation of black hypertension, an increase in levels of heavy metals. Preferentially bound to melanin, cadmium, lead, and copper have implications not only in the etiology of black hypertension, but in the etiology of all hypertension. Of course, hypertension is heterogeneous by nature and cannot be attributed solely to any single cause. However, the indictment of the heavy metals, as well as a deficiency of other cations such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, warrants a more nutritional approach and less reliance on current pharmacological therapy in selected cases. Melanin should be investigated as a storage bank for useful cations. If real, such a cation reservoir would explain the heat tolerance capacity of blacks and other dark-skinned tropical races.
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PMID:Hypertension: heavy metals, useful cations and melanin as a possible repository. 341 2

Although there are controversies in the role of calcium as an antihypertensive agent, the use of "health food" supplements, such as dolomite and bone meal, is on the rise especially among the older population. One brand of commercial dolomite tablets were investigated for metallic contents such as aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), sclemium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Ten randomly selected tablets were weighted, dried, pulverized and low-temperature plasma ashed. An ash aliquot of each tablet was dissolved in 35% Ultrex nitric acid, and after dilution analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with an HGA-500 graphite furnace, As-1 autosampler, and PRS-10 printer sequencer. The results (presented as mean wt/g of powder +/- 95% confidence limits) are: Al 900 +/- 300 micrograms/g; As 1.3 +/- 0.3 micrograms/g; Cd 0.16 +/- 0.04 micrograms/g; Cr 5.9 +/- 1.4 micrograms/g; Cu 3.0 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g; Pb 1.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/g; Mn 66 +/- 7.0 micrograms/g; Se 1.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/g; and Zn 147 +/- 88 micrograms/g. These trace metals could pose health hazards to the public such as lead poisoning, dementia, and hypertension due to cadmium. Also, zinc can potentiate cadmium-hypertensive effects. The need exists to initiate some regulations to limit maximal content of trace metals in "health food" supplements to protect high-risk groups and that sector of the population who use megadoses of such products.
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PMID:Alert to users of calcium supplements as antihypertensive agents due to trace metal contaminants. 341 87

Cardiovascular disease, so common in the elderly, has become an urgent public health concern. Major contributing factors include hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, physical indolence, and cigarette smoking. Diet plays a major role in atherogenesis by its influence in blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance, although its impact in the elderly is speculative owing to a paucity of direct evidence. But a rationale exists. Most cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent in the elderly than in the young adult. The rise in blood pressure and blood lipids with advancing age is not inevitable. Diet may contribute to hypertension through an excess of calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, or salt and a deficiency of potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Antiatherogenic diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, rich in fiber, and with substitution of polyunsaturated fat and restricted calories tend to normalize serum lipids and to cause lesions to involute. Emphasis on vegetable protein and fiber-rich food has merit because they provide more fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, selenium, complex carbohydrate, potassium, and copper, and less cholesterol, saturated fat, and sodium. The recommended fat-modified diets are adequate in protein, vitamins, and minerals and need not be deficient in any nutrient or economically nonfeasible. The accelerating decline in cardiovascular mortality, which has included the elderly, indicates that such disease is controllable and not inevitable, even in the elderly. The decrease has occurred concurrently with reduced consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol, increased use of vegetable oils, and improved levels of cardiovascular risk factors.
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PMID:Nutritional contributors to cardiovascular disease in the elderly. 351 Feb 41

A case of a woman with pneumococcal peritonitis 3 months after insertion of a Nova-T copper IUD is described and the 5 other cases in the literature are reviewed. The 38-year old woman was multiparous, and had no related history other than recurrent right nephrolithotomy. She had acute peritonitis of 8 hours duration when admitted, with acute abdominal pain, fever, tachycardia and hypertension. She was treated with penicillin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol, and the IUD was removed. Her blood pressure fell to 70/40 and she developed acidosis and septic shock. Laparotomy, drainage, continued antibiotics, artificial ventilation and intensive hemodynamic treatment for 3 days were necessary to reverse coma and respiratory distress. Primary pneumococcal peritonitis only occurs in girls; in women it is though to arise from IUDs, pelvic infection or perhaps from the bowel. The other cases showed no preference for any type of IUD (3 Lippes loops, 1 Dalkon shield and 1 Gravigard) or length of use (1.5-5.5 years). 1 of the women died, and another had recurrent pneumococcal peritonitis. Therapy should include surgical drainage, instillation of antibiotics, and removal of the IUD.
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PMID:Severe pneumococcal peritonitis complicating IUD: case report and review of the literature. 354 5

Four classes of etiologic agents that cause human illness have been discovered. Sometimes members of two or more classes of agents cooperate to cause illness. Knowledge of etiology is necessary if a disease is to be eradicated. The leading causes of death in the United States have changed dramatically in the last century. Infection has been replaced by chronic illnesses of obscure etiology. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in middle age and is the major obstacle to becoming old. There are numerous similarities between animals deficient in copper and people with ischemic heart disease. The most important of these similarities are glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, abnormal electrocardiogram, hyperuricemia, and hypertension, as these characteristics are predictive of risk of ischemic heart disease. No other nutritional insult has produced these characteristics in experiments with animals; men fed diets low in copper have been found to have increased cholesterol, decreased glucose tolerance, and abnormal electrocardiograms. The process that results in ischemic heart disease is remarkably similar to that of copper deficiency. Links have been found between copper metabolism and several hypotheses on the origin of ischemic heart disease. Several aspects of the lipid hypothesis can be interpreted in terms of copper metabolism. More features of the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease can be explained in terms of copper deficiency than can be explained by any other environmental insult.
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PMID:Ischemic heart disease. A major obstacle to becoming old. 358 Oct 19

It has been suggested that one risk factor in the development of hypertension and vascular disease may be abnormal copper and zinc metabolism. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that hypertension itself may result in alterations in the metabolism of these essential elements. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed diets containing 0.4 or 8.0% NaCl for 32 days. At the conclusion of the study, blood pressure was significantly higher in the rats fed a high NaCl diet than in controls. Liver, kidney, and heart copper concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed a high NaCl diet compared with controls, while plasma copper levels were higher. In contrast, tissue zinc levels were higher in the rats fed a high NaCl diet than in controls, while plasma zinc levels were lower. It is hypothesized that alterations in copper and zinc metabolism may be one factor underlying tissue damage in these animals.
Hypertension 1987 Jun
PMID:Hypertension-induced alterations in copper and zinc metabolism in Dahl rats. 358 2

Total plasma concentrations of bromine, copper, rubidium, selenium and zinc were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) of 5-20 weeks of age, using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometry technique. Although plasma levels of bromine, rubidium, selenium and zinc varied at different ages when comparing SHR and WKY, their general evolution was similar. Copper levels increased more in SHR than in WKY. These perturbations in trace element levels could perhaps participate in the establishment of hypertension in SHR, but could also be due to genetic differences between the strains, unrelated to the development of hypertension.
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PMID:Trace elements during the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 382 98


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