Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to investigate the combined effects of diabetes and hypertension on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, adult male and female SHR rats which develop hypertension spontaneously were given a single, 10 mg or 15 mg/100 g body wt. injection of alloxan s.c. to induce moderate or severe diabetes. Insulin was deliberately withheld. Animals were examined by autopsy daily for 7 days post-alloxan and after 4 and 8 weeks. Mortality was high--only 52% of the males survived as against 80% of the females. Most deaths occurred on Day 5 and were associated with adrenal haemorrhage and hyperplasia, thymus galnd involution, fatty liver and marked hypotension despite elevated aldosterone levels. During the first week, corticosterone levels increased significantly in the male; in females they showed little change. After 4 weeks, the severly diabetic animals became emaciated and moribund; corticosterone and aldosterone levels fell to very low levels despite adrenal hyperplasia. The beta cells of the moderately diabetic animals eventually lost their ability to secrete insulin and these animals too became cachetic and moribund with concomitant elevation of lipid, glucose and BUN levels, as well as myocardial infarction, fatty liver, and generalized hyalin arteriolo-, arterio-, and nephrosclerosis. It is suggested that the combined hormonal and metabolic alterations of diabetes and hypertension reinforced one another in these spontaneously hypertensive rats, leading to intense stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the exacerbation of those cardiovascular degenerative changes known to be associated with uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension, eventual impaired adrenocortical steroidogenesis, hypotension and death.
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PMID:Alloxan diabetes in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gravimetric, metabolic and histopathological alterations. 86 Nov 67

Left ventricular function was assessed by measuring sytolic time intervals in insulin-requiring diabetics with and without significant microangiopathy. The results were compared with those in normal controls. Significant microangiopathy was defined as proteinuria over 3 g/24 h or proliferative retinopathy. Left ventricular function was also assessed one and a half years later by echocardiography in four patients with microangiopathy. Patients with angina, previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, and alcoholism were excluded. All had normal electrocardiograms and chest radiographs. Diabetics with microangiopathy had impaired left ventricular function, whereas those with uncomplicated diabetes had normal function. This finding supports the existence of a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy due to microangiopathy rather than the metabolic defect. The association of microangiopathy and impaired left ventricular function may explain the high immediate mortality and the high incidence of cardiogenic shock and congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction in diabetics.
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PMID:Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the preclinical phase. 86 81

We report a 14-year-old boy with severe hypertension who was cured by surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma. The tumor was shown biochemically and morphologically to secrete predominantly noradrenaline. The metabolic effects noted in this patient were raised free fatty acid levels and depressed insulin levels, hyperreninemia, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria with normal parathyroid function. All these abnormalities returned to normal after removal of the tumor. It is suggested that these effects were mediated via beta-adrenergic stimulation of the excess noradrenaline.
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PMID:The metabolic effects of excess noradrenaline secretion from a pheochromocytoma. 90 78

In vitro glucose-14C uptake by the epididymal adipose tissue was studied in young rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in control rats with normal pressure. Some of the animals were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy one week before the study. Rats with either type of hypertension and intact adrenals did not differ from the controls in the intensity of glucose-14C uptake by the adipose tissue both with and without stimulation of its transmembranous tranport with insulin. Adrenalectomy revealed that the response of the adipose tissue to insulin in rats with hypertension differed from that in the controls. In the control animals adrenalectomy causes marked decrease in insulin "sensitivity" of the fat cells, whereas in adrenalectomized rats with hypertension the level of glucose-14C in stimulation of its transport with insulin does not change. The results of the study testify to qualitative changes in the membranes of the fat cells in rats with chronic arterial hypertension and may be proof of extensive alteration of the cell membranes in this disease.
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PMID:[Characteristics of glucose absorption by the adipose tissue in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats]. 92 52

The antihypertensive effect and side-effects during 12 months' treatment with bendroflumethiazide and propranolol have been compared in two randomly selected, equally large groups (n= 53) of previously untreated male hypertensives. Systolic BP above 170 or diastolic BP above 105 mmHg on two occasions were defined as hypertension. The same BP reduction was achieved in both groups. During the 12 months' treatment one subject on bendroflumethiazide developed diabetes mellitus and one on propranolol developed cardiac decompensation. None developed gout. Contrary to what had been presumed, glucose tolerance improved during 12 months' treatment with both agents, while there were no changes in fasting blood sugar, insulin or triglyceride concentrations. No changes were found in serum potassium or total body potassium during 12 months' bendroflumethiazide treatment, while serum potassium increased during treatment with propranolol. Uric acid increased slightly during treatment with both agents. Prolongation of the follow-up to 24 months did not change any of the findings regarding metabolic changes during treatment. The frequency of subjective side-effects decreased to the same extent during treatment with both drugs. It is concluded that bendroflumethiazide and propranolol are equally useful as antihypertensive agents and that the risk of impariment of glucose metabolism and potassium balance seems to be very slight during treatment with bendroflumethiazide in mild hypertension.
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PMID:Antihypertensive effect and side-effects of bendroflumethiazide and propranolol. 93 76

A large number of individuals currently diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus are asymptomatic. In order to provide rational therapy for this patient population, it is necessary to focus upon the differences between these patients and the classic prototypes with polyuria and weight loss, who require insulin for survival. Patients with asymptomatic diabetes do not need insulin for survival, and, by definition, they do not need it to alleviate symptoms. They tend to be middle-aged and overweight, but they can be young and thin. Their degree of hyperglycemia is moderate, often indistinguishable from that of normal individuals in their day-to-day existence. Indeed, they can often be differentiated from normal persons only on the basis of their blood glucose response to the stress of a large dextrose challenge; in this regard, the potential problem of over-diagnosing diabetes has been discussed. Since the major problem facing patients with asymptomatic diabetes is accelerated atherogenesis, the therapeutic approach must be based upon efforts to delay or prevent the onset of vascular disease. It has yet to be shown that any therapeutic intervention helps such patients, but an argument has been made in support of the following goals in subjects with asymptomatic diabetes whose fasting blood glucose level is less than 170 mg/100 ml: (1) stop smoking, (2) control hypertension, (3) attain ideal body weight, and (4) maintain blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels well within normal limits. Attempts to lower blood glucose with either insulin or oral agents do not seem indicated in the majority of patients within this defined diabetic population.
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PMID:Treatment of asymptomatic diabetes mellitus. 97 61

Chronic diabetes mellitus can alter left ventricular function independent of vascular effects. On the basis of available morphologic data in human and canine diabetics, alterations of myocardial interstitium may be the basis for this preclinical abnormality. The abnormal function is independent of apparent duration and treatment by diet, insulin, or hypoglycemic agents. It occurs in both sexes and is independent of age. Whether the observed functional abnormality progresses to clinical heart failure may depend on intensification of the underlying pathophysiology of the myocardium or superimposition of complications such as hypertension, obesity, and obstructive disease of the coronary vessels.
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus and left ventricular function. 97 64

Genetically spontaneous hypertension in rats (SHR) showed a significant rise not only in systolic blood pressure in the early age groups, but also, from the 8th week of life onward, in diastolic blood pressure together with a rise in heart rates, when compared with control rats. Following an i.p. glucose injection a disturbed glucose tolerance, increased insulin level and a reduction in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol occurred. These findings in SHR allow to draw interesting analogous conclusions as to the protodiabetic disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism accompanied by insulin enhancement after glucose and diminished glucose- and increased lipogenetic effects, which had been demonstrated by R. BAUMANN et al. in 58% of all studied cases of juvenile human hypertension (Stage I and Stage II, NITSCHKOFF and R. BAUMANN), in which possibly hereditary factors may be involved.
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PMID:Insulin kinetic, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism in genetically spontaneous-hypertensive rats. 98 18

A clinical and metabolic study of 61 patients with myoocardial infarct before the age of 40 yr showed a high frequency of familial involvement, particularly in subjects with type IIA and IIB hyperbetalipoproteinaemia. Excess weight and arterial hypertension were rare, while premonitory angina was absent in 59%. Four subjects were diabetic. Oral glucose tolerance was normal in 14 and of diabetic type in 26 of 40 patients examined; the insulin response pointed to insulin-resistance. Dyslipidaemia was noted in 45%, including type IIA and IIB hyperbetalipoproteinaemia in 27%. Distribution of the frequency of infarct in function of cholesterolaemia classes gave a bimodal curve indicative of distinct normo- and hypercholesterolaemic groups within the series. Reduced glucose tolerance was more frequent in patients with low blood cholesterol. This suggests that reduced tolerance and high blood cholesterol are independent risk factors in coronary disease. No relation between the clinical and metabolic data could be ascertained.
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PMID:[Clinical and metabolic aspects of juvenile myocardial infarct]. 99 98

Plasma HCS levels have been measured in normal and pathological pregnant women. In the normal group HCS levels increased from 6--8 weeks till 33-34 weeks and then felt significantly. HCS pattern in prediabetic and chemical diabetic pregnant women was similar to the normal group. However HCS levels in chemical diabetics were significantly higher during the first two trimesters. HCS levels increased in twin pregnancy, diminished in cases of eclampsia, hypertension, fetal growth retardation, mole and blighted ovum, and disappeared after intrauterine death. Nothing could be deduced from the obese and Rh-isoimmunization groups. It is confirmed the value of HCS determination as an index of placental maturation. Also, insulin/HCS ratio may be of some aid in the study of carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy.
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PMID:Human chorionic somatommamotropin (HCS) and pregnancy. Its relation with insulin. 103 1


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