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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several epidemiological and clinical studies have established a clear association between alcohol consumption and hypertension. The mechanism of the pressor effect of ethanol is not well understood. We studied the in vitro effects of increasing amounts of ethanol on different Na+ transport systems from human erythrocytes. Ethanol at concentrations higher than 32 mmol/L stimulated ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux, the Na+ efflux depending on the Na+:Li+ countertransport and Na+ leak. At the same concentrations, ethanol inhibited bumetanide-sensitive Na+ efflux. We conclude that, with the exception of Na+-K+ pump, alcohol-induced alterations and those observed in erythrocytes from essential hypertensives may overlap. Therefore, alcohol consumption could potentiate those genetic abnormalities of Na+ transport and contribute to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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PMID:Disturbances of transmembranous sodium transport systems induced by ethanol in human erythrocytes. An approach to the pressor effect of alcohol. 255 70

Epidemiological evidence shows a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and blood pressure. High alcohol intake and hypertension are common in urban South African men. Relationships between mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as an index of alcohol intake, age, mass and levels of cations in the serum and erythrocytes were investigated in normotensive and hypertensive black and coloured men. Serum levels of potassium, magnesium and calcium and the red blood cell magnesium level were found to be significantly decreased in the black hypertensives. Serum GGT was equally raised in normotensive and hypertensive blacks and was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure in the hypertensive subjects. The coloured hypertensives were heavier, older and had significantly higher serum GGT levels than their normotensive counterparts. Serum GGT was positively correlated with MAP in the coloured subjects. No consistent relationships were found between GGT and blood cations. These data suggest that in younger black subjects alcohol is associated with systolic blood pressure only once hypertension has developed. Other factors, such as cations, may be more important than alcohol in the pathogenesis of hypertension in this group. Alcohol consumption is an important risk factor in coloured hypertensives.
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PMID:Hypertension, alcohol and cations in urban black and coloured South Africans. 256 15

Factors affecting the progression of autosomal dominant adult type polycystic kidney disease were analysed in 27 cases. The patients ages ranged from 10 to 74 (mean 44) years old and the serum creatinine values were within the normal limits except two cases, in which the values were 2.4 mg/dl and 2.1. They were followed for from 2 years to 12 years (mean 5.6 years). During the followup period, 6 cases showed elevation of the serum creatinine values and hemodialysis was necessary in 4 cases. There was a tendency of higher morbidity rate of hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria and pyuria in the cases with decreased renal function. These factors may have participated in the progression of polycystic kidney disease. Cystic fluid analysis was performed by percutaneous puncture of more than hundred cysts in 27 cases. The results showed that the cystic fluid components of most cysts of the well functioning kidneys were similar to those of serum values: so-called proximal cysts. On the other hand, in the cases with decreased renal function, there were many cysts with lower sodium concentration and higher creatinine values: so-called distal cysts. The results suggest that the existence of so-called distal cysts may indicate poorer prognosis. DMSA renoscintigraphy was useful for followup polycystic kidney patients because of the uptake of the radionuclide was decreased before rising the serum creatinine value. In 6 cases, the cysts were instilled with 95% ethanol. Followup ultrasonography and DMSA renoscintigraphy revealed a marked reduction of the cystic size and an improvement of DMSA uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Investigation of factors affecting the progression of polycystic kidney disease and effects of percutaneous reduction of cystic size]. 260 Dec 21

Although several epidemiological studies have shown an association between alcohol consumption and high blood pressure, the mechanisms involved in the pressor effect of alcohol are not clear. We hypothesized that alcohol might increase blood pressure at least in part by increasing sympathetic nerve activity. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of seven normotensive subjects (mean age +/- s.e.m. 24.0 +/- 1.5 years), we investigated the effects of oral administration of alcohol (0.75 g/kg body weight, diluted in orange juice) or vehicle on arterial blood pressure, heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity, measured directly in the peroneal nerve by microneurography. Plasma ethanol levels increased from 0 (control) to a range of 47.7 +/- 7.6 to 53.3 +/- 5.0 mg/dl 30 min after alcohol intake. This increase in plasma ethanol was accompanied by a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in mean blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity. The vehicle did not affect any of these parameters. Our data suggest that acute oral administration of a moderate dose of alcohol induces a pressure effect through activation of sympathetic nervous outflow.
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PMID:Effects of alcohol intake on blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in normotensive humans: a preliminary report. 263 16

Hypertension is of importance mainly as a risk factor for heart, brain and kidney disease. To date, efforts have been made to reduce high blood pressure levels rather than to prevent their development, yet primary prevention of hypertension is important. Aspects of nutrition play an important role in the aetiology and non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension, for which the following are recommended: (i) obese hypertensive patients should be encouraged to follow a low-kilojoule diet and to decrease their consumption of saturated fats and cholesterol; (ii) a moderately restricted sodium intake (2 g or 88 mmol/d) should be encouraged in all hypertensives; however, more controlled long-term prospective intervention studies in large populations are necessary to determine the optimal level of dietary intake of salt; (iii) foods rich in potassium should be recommended; and (iv) alcohol intake should be moderate; hypertensives who drink greater than 30-60 ml of ethanol per day need to be told to stop.
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PMID:Nutritional aspects of hypertension. 264 63

Full functional and morphologic restitution of the pancreas is possible after an attack of acute pancreatitis if the initiating agent or process is removed, whereas chronic pancreatitis is associated with irreversible changes. Most attacks of acute pancreatitis are related to biliary tract stone disease, and it is likely that the offending stone causes obstruction of the pancreatic duct with ductal hypertension. Some recent experimental observations suggest that acute pancreatitis may involve intra-acinar cell activation of digestive enzymes by lysosomal hydrolases. Most patients with chronic pancreatitis develop their disease after many years of ethanol abuse, but the events underlying the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis are not known.
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PMID:Classification and pathogenesis of pancreatitis. 265 59

The effects of systemic administration of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on the susceptibility of the stomach to injury were compared in the anesthetized rat, as were their effects on gastric vascular tone, systemic blood pressure and hematocrit. When infused at concentrations in the 10(-7)-10(-6) M range, endothelin-1 was a far more potent hypertensive agent than endothelin-3. Endothelin-1 caused significant hemoconcentration, while endothelin-3 did not Endothelin-1 was approximately 5- to 10-times more potent as a vasoconstrictor in the stomach and a similar difference in potencies was observed when the ability of these peptides to increase the susceptibility of the stomach to ethanol-induced damage was compared. The two peptides were equipotent in producing gastric mucosal hemorrhage in the absence of any exogenous irritant. These results demonstrate that like endothelin-1, endothelin-3 has ulcerogenic and vasoconstriction actions in the stomach. While there are very large differences in the potencies of the two peptides in terms of producing systemic hypertension and hemoconcentration, the differences in the potency of the gastric ulcerogenic and vasoconstrictor effects are much less marked.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on the rat stomach. 267 3

Cardiovascular hyperreactivity to psychological stress has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent reports have suggested that male offspring of multigenerational male-limited alcoholic families display cardiovascular hyperreactivity to stress. Data concerning cardiovascular disease in 371 individuals from multigenerational male-limited alcoholic families and other family types of differing risk for alcoholism were subjected to chi 2 analyses. Results indicated a significantly greater incidence of hypertension in female members of multigenerational male-limited alcoholic families as compared to the other family types.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989 Aug
PMID:Risk for hypertension in female members of multigenerational male-limited alcoholic families. 267 5

Alcohol use is associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension although the responsible mechanisms and hemodynamic correlates have not been well-defined. Disorders of electrolyte and water metabolism with resultant retention of sodium and water are common in alcoholics. However, although volume relates to cardiac output, and cardiac output to blood pressure, plasma volume expansion does not appear to be important in the development of the hypertension associated with chronic alcoholic use. Most available evidence suggests that the primary underlying mechanism is increased vascular resistance. Chronic alcohol administration may produce an increased accumulation of cytoplasmic calcium in vascular smooth muscle with vascular hyperreactivity, vasoconstriction, and increased peripheral resistance. Although precise mechanisms have not been elucidated, this may result from (1) a direct effect of alcohol on plasma membrane permeability, sodium transport, and Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and/or (2) impaired calcium transport due to a secondary abnormality such as magnesium depletion, which is present in alcoholics.
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PMID:Role of electrolytes in the etiology of alcohol-induced hypertension. 268 40

Alcohol, above certain levels in blood, becomes a depressor of myocardial fiber. Excessive intake of alcoholic drinks is responsible for disrhythmias, congestive heart failure, thromboembolic phenomena and, sometimes, sudden death. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the usual clinical presentation of these patients. More than 60 gr daily of ethanol may be an important factor in the etiology of high blood pressure. Yet, not everything is negative as far as alcohol and heart are concerned. Moderate consumption of ethanol decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, but, regarding the medical and social implications of alcoholic habits, they shall not be encouraged. Finally, it must be emphasized that in cases of disrhythmias, hypertension and deteriorated left ventricular function (ejection fraction below 35%) the use of alcoholic beverages must strongly discouraged. The same applies to patients taking anticoagulants or sedative drugs.
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PMID:[Alcohol and the heart]. 269 11


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