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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

High sodium intake is considered to be the major risk factor for hypertension but studies about sodium intake on prevention and management of hypertension is limited due to the difficulties in assessment of sodium intake. Dietary sodium comes not only from naturally occurring sodium in foods but also from the added sodium during processing, cooking and at the table. Present study was conducted to identify salt usage behavior questions related to urinary sodium excretion among normotensive adult Koreans. The test version of the salt usage questionnaire included six items of salt usage behaviors and nine items of high salt containing foods. A survey was conducted in 189 adults over 18 years of age in three age groups in both genders. Each participant answered the questionnaire and collected one 24-hour urine and urine samples were analyzed for sodium contents. Correlation analyses between scores of the questions and sodium excretion in 24-hour urine were performed to identify question items related to sodium excretion. Among fifteen questions, scores of three questions on salt usage behaviors were significantly correlated to urinary sodium excretion (r=0.17~0.19; p <0.05) and the sum of scores of the three questions showed higher correlation coefficients. (r=0.26, p <0.001) The salt usage behavior questions developed in this study would be useful in predicting sodium intake and in studying the relationship between sodium intake and health among Korean adults.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Salt usage behaviors are related to urinary sodium excretion in normotensive Korean adults. 2714 68

Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common secondary form of hypertension. Diagnosis of this entity is recommended in hypokalemic hypertension, in therapy-resistant hypertension (at least three 3 drugs and RR > 140/90 mmHg), and in adrenal incidentalomas (= incidentally discovered adrenal tumors). For screening, the ratio between plasma aldosterone (PAC) and plasma renin concentration (PRC) should be measured. In the assessment of PAC/PRC ratio, the discontinuation of some antihypertensive medication and assay-specific cutoff values must be noticed. After a positive screening test, saline infusion test should be done as confirmatory test. In contraindications/impracticability of this test, 24-h urine collection for aldosterone-18-glucuronide under high-sodium diet can be used as alternative confirmatory test. After confirmation of primary hyperaldosteronism, differential diagnosis between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism has to be done. For this approach, adrenal CT or MRT, posture test and adrenal vein catheterization as gold standard test are available. Whereas therapy of aldosterone-producing adenoma is surgery, idiopathic hyperaldosteronism is to be treated medically by spironolactone.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism]. 1722 47

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and certainly the major cause of disability in the world. WHO has estimated that between 1990 to 2020 the world will witness an increase in stroke mortality of 78% in woman and 106% in man. Much of this increase will be in developing countries which are witnessing rapid change in lifestyle and nutrition, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, Homocysteinemia, and alcohol are the most significant modifiable risk factors of stroke. Of these, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, homocysteinemia and alcoholism are obviously affected by lifestyle and nutrition. However, whilst epidemiology studies have noted an association of nutritional practice with stroke risk, further research is needed to show how nutritional interventions can be effective in stroke prevention.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Nutrition and stroke. 1739 17

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as cardiovascular function. ACE catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, and also inactivates the antihypertensive vasodilator bradykinin. Inhibition of ACE mainly results an overall antihypertensive effect. Food protein-derived peptides can have ACE-inhibiting properties and thus may be used as a novel functional food for preventing hypertension as well as for therapeutic purposes. In the present study, rice protein was hydrolyzed by protease Alcalase for 2 h and the resulted hydrolysate was determined for ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. The antihypertensive effect of rice protein hydrolysate was also investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The Alcalase-generated hydrolysate showed strong in vitro ACE inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 0.14 mg/ml. A significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats was observed following single oral administration of this hydrolysate at a dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight. A potent ACE inhibitory peptide with the amino acid sequence of Thr-Gln-Val-Tyr (IC50, 18.2 microM) was isolated and identified from the hydrolysate. Single oral administration of Thr-Gln-Val-Tyr at a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight also significantly decreased blood pressure in SHR. These results suggest that in vitro ACE inhibitory activity and in vivo antihypertensive activity could be generated from rice protein by enzymatic hydrolysis. The rice protein hydrolysate prepared with Alcalase might be utilized to develop physiologically functional food with antihypertensive activity.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Antihypertensive effect of rice protein hydrolysate with in vitro angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1739 18

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether laiju extract (LJE) from Semen Raphani and Flos Chrysanthemi has an anti-hypertensive effect in renal hypertensive rat (RHR) and spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). LJE was prepared by extracting dried Semen Raphani and Flos Chrysanthemi with 70% ethanol. RHR and SHR models were prepared by standard methods. Forty RHRs and 40 SHRs were randomly divided into high LJE (300 mg/kg), moderate LJE (200 mg/kg), low LJE (100 mg/kg) and saline control four groups (n=10), respectively. Compared with saline control, blood pressure was significantly lowered at 6 and 5 hours in high and moderate LJE respectively in both RHR and SHR groups. However, blood pressure was significantly lowered at 2 and 3 hours in low LJE in both RHR and SHR groups, respectively. Compared with saline control, blood pressure remained significantly lower in SHR in all dosage groups with a single daily dose for 28 days of study. LJE has potential in the prevention management of hypertension. Further studies are needed to identify the active chemical constituents and mechanisms of action of LJE.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Anti-hypertensive effects of laiju extract in two different rat models. 1739 25

The World Health Organization estimates that around one billion people throughout the world are overweight and that over 300 million of these are obese and if current trends continue, the number of overweight persons will increase to 1.5 billion by 2015. The number of obese adults in Australia is estimated to have risen from 2.0 million in 1992/93 to 3.1 million in 2005. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing due to a convergence of factors--the rise of TV viewing, our preference for takeaway and pre-prepared foods, the trend towards more computer-bound sedentary jobs, and fewer opportunities for sport and physical exercise. Obesity is not only linked to lack of self esteem, social and work discrimination, but also to illnesses such as the metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinaemia (which increases the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver), cancer, asthma, dementia, arthritis and kidney disease. It has been estimated that the cost of obesity in Australia in 2005 was $1,721 million. Of this amount, $1,084 million were direct health costs, and $637 million indirect health costs (due to lost work productivity, absenteeism and unemployment). The prevalence cost per year for each obese adult has been estimated at $554 and the value of an obesity cure is about $6,903 per obese person. Government efforts at reducing the burden remain inadequate and a more radical approach is needed. The Australian government, for example, has made changes to Medicare so that GPs can refer people with chronic illness due to obesity to an exercise physiologist and dietitian and receive a Medicare rebate, but so far these measures are having no perceptible effect on obesity levels. There is a growing recognition that both Public Health and Clinical approaches, and Private and Public resources, need to be brought to this growing problem. Australian health economist, Paul Gross, from the Institute of Health Economics and Technology Assessment claims there is too much reliance on health workers to treat the problem, especially doctors, who have not been given additional resources to manage obesity outside a typical doctor's consultation. Gross has recommended that further changes should be made to Medicare, private health insurance, and workplace and tax legislation to give people financial incentives to change their behaviour because obesity should not just be treated by governments as a public health problem but also as a barrier to productivity and a drain on resources. A Special Report of the WMCACA (Weight Management Code Administration Council of Australia) (www.weightcouncil.org) on the "Health Economics of Weight Management" has been published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition in September 2006. This report explores the cost benefit analysis of weight management in greater detail.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Health economics of weight management: evidence and cost. 1739 29

Obesity resides upstream of the constituents of metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is also implicated in atherogenesis. Therefore, factors that influence the body adiposity and the magnitude of postprandial hyperlipidemia have been intensively investigated. Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, which is defined to contain DAG 80% (w/w) or greater in the present presentation, is an edible oil with similar taste and usability compared with conventional edible oil rich in TAG. Safety of DAG has been widely evaluated and listed as a GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) substance by US FDA. The aim of this review was to summarize the metabolism and nutritional functions of DAG based on the data from scientific journals and conference publications. Effect of DAG ingestion on postprandial elevations of serum lipids was investigated in several dosages, food formula, and in subjects in various conditions. Postprandial triglyceride in serum and the chylomicron fraction are significantly smaller after DAG consumption compared with TAG with a similar fatty acid composition in healthy subjects, and was remarkably reduced in subjects with insulin resistance. Long-term DAG ingestion in controlled diet or free-living condition significantly decreased body adiposity and improved type II diabetic complications. A single dose DAG consumption significantly increased fat oxidation as compared to eucaloric TAG ingestion. DAG oil consumption might be beneficial in reducing the risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, visceral obesity, postprandial hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Metabolism of diacylglycerol in humans. 1739 38

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of mineralocorticoid hypertension. Different studies, using the plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio (PAC/PRA) for the screening of patients with hypertension, have shown a marked increase in the detection rate of PA. Idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (IHA) and aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma (APA), are the leading causes of primary aldosteronism. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA), also called familial hyperaldosteronism type I, familial hyperaldosteronism type II and carcinomas are rare causes of PA. Patients with hypertension and hypokalemia, those with a family history of hypertension and stroke at an early age, or patients with medication-resistant hypertension should be screened for PA using the PAC/PRA ratio. If a high ratio is found, a sodium loading test or a captopril test is warranted to confirm the diagnosis. Adrenal gland imaging is important in subtype differentiation (APA vs IHA). Adrenal venous sampling should be used when other tests prove inconclusive. Genetic testing has facilitated detection of GRA. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice for patients with APA, while bilateral hyperplasia subtypes are treated medically. Normalization of aldosterone levels or aldosterone receptor blockade are necessary to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension, hypokalemia, and cardiovascular damage.
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PMID:Detecting and treating primary aldosteronism: primary aldosteronism. 1742 5

The aim of the study was to assess the association of socioeconomic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors with self-reported hypertension in older adults in Taiwan. The data were part of the "1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan". The survey was conducted in-home, face-to-face, by interviews of 4440 men and women, 53 years or older, in a population-based cross-sectional study. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 31.1% for men and 38.0% for women. A logistic regression model showed a higher probability of self-reported hypertension for female gender, older age, and greater BMI, and lower probability for increased consumption of leguminous foods. No association was observed with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption or physical activity. Current cigarette smokers and alcohol-drinkers underreported their hypertension status. Compared to the medically measured hypertension of a sub-sample study of the same cohort, only about 60% of medically-substantiated hypertensive patients self-reported their hypertensive status, indicating that the interview survey underestimated the prevalence of hypertension in this Taiwanese elderly population. The interview survey appears to identify associations of hypertension with age, gender, BMI and some food patterns, but does not recognize the likely associations with the candidate risk factors of physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and limited education, at least in this Taiwanese population. Thus caution must be applied where interview alone categorises individual older Taiwanese as hypertensive or not. A survey which has validation or cross-checking questions about the medical diagnosis of hypertension and the likelihood of its memory and appreciation by the patient (such as method, definition, communication with patient, recall and follow-up, lifestyle advice or pharmaco-therapy, presence of cognitive impairment) may clarify the significance of the discrepancy between self-reporting and medical record. In turn, this would allow a more robust evaluation of blood pressure determinants in such populations. Nevertheless, there is a role for community-based surveys that utilise self-reporting in the identification, prioritization and surveillance of putative contributors to hypertension; this is the case where, as in the Taiwanese elderly, it assumes major importance in the burden of disease and premature mortality.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Interview to study the determinants of hypertension in older adults in Taiwan: a population based cross-sectional survey. 1746 92

To evaluate the prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities among a representative sample of elementary schoolchildren in Taiwan, the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan Elementary School Children used a stratified, multi-staged complex sampling scheme. In total 2,405 children (1,290 boys and 1,115 girls) were included. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.5 and 14.7% in boys and 14.4 and 9.1% in girls. With respect to geographic differences, the prevalence of obesity for boys was highest in the southern area (23.3% for the 3rd stratum) and lowest in the mountain area (4.3%). For girls, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was highest in the central area (13.0% for the 3rd stratum) and lowest in the southern area (2.6% for the 3rd stratum). The obese children had higher mean levels of blood pressure, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, uric acid and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, but lower level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol when compared with the normal weight children. For obese and normal weight boys, the prevalence was 12.9 % vs. 0.3 % for high blood pressure, 31.4 % vs. 19.6 % for dyslipidemia, and 6.4 % vs. 0.8 % for abnormal serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase level. In conclusion, we found that about one third of the boys and one quarter of the girls were overweight and/or obesity in Taiwan. Furthermore, the prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities was significantly increased for obese and/or overweight elementary schoolchildren in the Taiwan area.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities among schoolchildren in Taiwan. 1772 1


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