Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enzymuria is a frequent finding in patients suffering from various kidney diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical value of the determination of tubule-brush-border-associated dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) in the urine of patients with acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (n = 12), chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 15), essential arterial hypertension (n = 30), after kidney transplantation (n = 20), and of healthy control persons (n = 68). DAP IV was measured in spontaneously voided mid-stream morning urine ("second morning urine"), and was expressed as enzyme activity in units/liter. In order to account for variations due to urine concentration without collecting 24-hour specimens, a urinary DAP IV/creatinine ratio (DCR) was calculated. Furthermore, patterns of proteinuria were assayed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Urinary DAP IV activity of healthy controls was 4.94 +/- 0.12 U/l (DCR: 0.46 +/- 0.30 U/mmol creatinine) with only small day to day variations. Urinary DAP IV activity in patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis was significantly higher (15.5 +/- 15.6 U/l, p less than 0.05 vs controls; DCR: 1.67 +/- 0.97 U/mmol creatinine, p less than 0.001 vs controls). In patients with chronic glomerulonephritis urinary DAP IV activity was 9.6 +/- 5.6 U/l, p less than 0.05 (DCR: 1.22 +/- 0.75 U/mmol creatinine, p less than 0.05 vs controls). Increased urinary DAP IV activity in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis was associated with a mixed glomerulo-tubular pattern of proteinuria (as determined by SDS-PAGE).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Urinary excretion of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase i.v. in patients with renal diseases. 232 11

The goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that intravenous anesthetic induction agents alter neuroregulation of the cardiovascular system. Additional goals were to investigate this in an animal model devoid of other drug effects. Healthy mongrel dogs had arterial catheters inserted and pneumatic occluders positioned around the thoracic aorta and inferior vena cava. After 10 to 14 days of recovery, neurocirculatory control mechanisms were assessed in the absence of anesthesia by recording changes in the RR interval of the electrocardiogram in response to alterations in systolic arterial pressure. Systolic pressure was manipulated over a range of 65 to 200 mm Hg by random occlusion of either the inferior vena cava (hypotension) or aortic (hypertension) occluders. The animals were then given bolus doses of either thiopental (20 mg/kg), diazepam (2 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg), or etomidate (1.2 mg/kg) on separate days and in random order. The arterial pressure alterations were repeated 3, 10, and 20 minutes after the drugs were given. Regression curves were calculated expressing the slope relation between RR interval and systolic pressure at awake control and each time point after drug administration. The responses were compared with control by repeat measures analysis of variance. Thiopental significantly decreased this slope relation for 10 minutes. Diazepam decreased this slope at 3 minutes only. Ketamine, like thiopental, decreased this slope for 10 minutes. Following etomidate, the slopes were similar to control. We conclude that thiopental, diazepam, and ketamine impair neurocirculatory control capabilities. The effect of diazepam is only transient, whereas that of thiopental and ketamine is longer, and etomidate does not affect these reflexes.
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PMID:Effect of anesthetic induction agents on cardiovascular neuroregulation in dogs. 249 6

To evaluate the dose-effect relationship of antihypertensive drugs is essential to a rational determination of their effective dosage. Two double-blind and strictly controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of perindopril 4 mg orally in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension (100 less than DAP less than 120 mmHg). The drug remained effective 24 hours after the last dose. The 2 mg dose proved insufficient to obtain a significant reduction of blood pressure. In case where the 4 mg dose was not sufficiently active, a better antihypertensive effect could be achieved with an 8 mg dose without major untoward reactions. The antihypertensive activity of perindopril was parallel to the percentage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition induced by the compound. This study also illustrates clearly the value of semi-automatic blood pressure recording with the Dinamap system in the determination of dose-effect relationship, compared with the conventional sphygmomanometric method.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the dose-effect relationship of perindopril in the treatment of arterial hypertension]. 250 12

The effects of perindopril on the 24-hour arterial pressure levels were evaluated by ambulatory recording in 21 patients (mean age 48 +/- 2 years) with mild to moderate hypertension. At the end of a 3 months treatment with perindopril (4 to 8 mg per day in one dose), comparison by variance analysis of the mean values of arterial pressure over 24 hours before and after treatment showed a significant decrease of SAP (from 144 +/- 3 to 133 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.01) and DAP (from 95 +/- 2 to 87 +/- 2 mmHg, p less than 0.01). The fall in arterial pressures was more pronounced during day-time (7 a.m. to 10 p.m.) than at night. Particular attention was paid to the reduction of systolic pressure owing to its relation with arterial compliance. There was a significant correlation between ambulatory recordings of SAP and DAP before and after treatment (r = 0.82 and 0.76 respectively, p less than 0.001). Calculation and comparison of the corresponding regression slope showed that for any given level of DAP, SAP was lower after than before treatment. This effect is related to the increase of arterial compliance observed after treatment with perindopril, as already reported by other authors.
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PMID:[Ambulatory registration of arterial pressure during treatment with perindopril. Effects on systolic pressure and hemodynamic implications]. 250 13

Ambulatory arterial pressures, both systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP), together with heart rate were measured every 15 minutes during 24 hours, using a Spacelabs 5200 apparatus, in 168 male subjects of mean age 21 +/- 1 years. According to the WHO criteria, 72 subjects had normal arterial pressure (clinical DAP less than or equal to 90 mmHg, clinical SAP less than or equal to 140 mmHg), and 86 subjects had untreated borderline arterial hypertension (abnormal clinical pressures, with clinical DAP less than or equal to 95 mmHg and clinical SAP less than or equal to 160 mmHg). On the basis of the WHO criteria, a sizeable part of pressure profiles in the normal and hypertensive groups overlapped. The Mc Queen method, derived from cluster analysis, considerably reduces this overlap. The method defines and objective criterion which enables the subjects to be reclassified in cases where clinical and ambulatory pressures "contradict each other". Such reclassification applied in about 20% of our subjects. This leads to a new definition of reference groups based on both clinical pressure and ambulatory pressure profile. The WHO criteria remain the basis for this classification. The Mc Queen method may be used to define normal and borderline arterial pressure profiles in male and female subjects of different age-groups.
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PMID:[Normal and borderline ambulatory arterial pressures. A new method for establishing reference values]. 251 Jun 25

A brief analysis is presented of the large recorded numbers of swimmers who have been stung by the "Irukandji" (Carukia barnesi) jellyfish during the 1985-1986 summer season in north Queensland, and the results are discussed. Many of the victims may suffer from symptoms of overstimulation of the sympathetic system, and hypertension is shown to be another complication of this syndrome. This hypertension seems to respond well to intravenously-administered phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking drug. Phentolamine also reduces the excessive shaking and sweating that appears to be part of the "Irukandji syndrome". Diazepam relieves the anxiety which is part of the syndrome, but antihistamine agents and hydrocortisone seem to have no beneficial effect.
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PMID:Further understanding of, and a new treatment for, "Irukandji" (Carukia barnesi) stings. 287 13

In unstressed rats, doses of 1 mg/kg and higher of diazepam produced tachycardia without changing blood pressure. Sub-chronic dosing (10 mg/kg/day for 4 days) resulted in increased magnitude and duration of the tachycardia. This diazepam induced tachycardia was unaffected by reserpine, slightly blocked by propranolol and abolished by atropine pretreatment. In animals anesthetized with ketamine, diazepam did not change heart rate or blood pressure. When animals were stressed by restraint, heart rate and blood pressure increased markedly. Diazepam did not affect the stress-induced tachycardia but reduced the stress-induced hypertension. These studies show that diazepam has no effect on heart rate or blood pressure in anesthetized animals, has no effect on blood pressure in conscious, unstressed animals but increases heart rate significantly probably by central vagal inhibition and, does not antagonize a stress-induced tachycardia but antagonizes stress-induced increases in blood pressure probably by a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone.
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PMID:The effect of diazepam administration on heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in resting and stressed conscious rats. 377 1

Prescription drug advertisements which appeared in two leading American medical journals in 1972, 1977 and 1982 were analyzed to discover possible trends in advertising. The 5016 ads examined showed that ads for the diuretic-cardiovasculars, especially the beta-adrenergic blocking agents and the slow channel inhibitors, as well as the analgesics, had increased, while ads for the anti-infectives and tranquilizers had diminished. The average amount of space allocated for each ad had increased. On the average, most ads (69%) depicted neither male nor female patients in their graphics, and a trend of increased neutrality was observed. When the hormones were excluded, an average of 21% of the ads showed male patients and 10% showed females. Since a relationship was discerned between the leading drugs advertised and the leading prescriptions filled, it was concluded that advertising does have some effect on the prescribing behavior of practitioners. The findings suggest that great investment in advertising is necessary in order to achieve high levels of sales for such drugs as Valium (diazepam) which do not have a clear-cut ameliorative effect on a specific physiological condition. On the other hand, it was suggested that saturation advertising would not significantly enhance the sales of such drugs as Dyazide (triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide) because of its well established therapeutic value in the control of hypertension. Ten advertising companies, on the average, had purchased 67% of all advertising space and five had purchased almost half (47%). The same two pharmaceutical companies were among the top five advertisers and the same five were among the top ten for the three years studied.
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PMID:Prescription drug advertising: trends and implications. 397 84

The authors presented a preliminary analysis of the 5-year implementation of a cooperative trial of multifactor prophylaxis of CHD in Moscow and Kaunas. A stable decrease in the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) by 20-25% and smoking by 22%, a decrease in SAP and DAP mean levels and the number of smoked cigarettes as compared to initial levels were noted in the group of active prophylaxis (the 1st group). It caused the reduction of CHD death risk by 13.6%. In the group of comparison with common treatment (the 2nd group) the prevalence of smoking decreased by 11% and arterial hypertension tended towards a rise. The comparison of mortality rates in the 1st and 2nd groups showed that in the 1st group total mortality rates were lower by 21% and CVD mortality rates were lower by 41% as compared to the 2nd group. The most noticeable decrease in 5-year mortality rates was observed among the persons initially attributed to the CHD group. Analysis of mortality with relation to the presence and intensity of smoking habits in Moscow and Kaunas indicated to the association of smoking not only with CHD mortality but also with cancer and total mortality making appropriate the development of an integral approach to the prophylaxis of the main chronic noncommunicable diseases.
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PMID:[Cooperative study on the multifactor prevention of ischemic heart disease and its development into an integral program for the prevention of noninfectious diseases]. 408 22

Clonidine was administered by intravenous infusion to 12 patients classified as having exaggerated arterial hypertension, their systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures were significantly reduced from the third min. The maximal percentage reduction (Mean +/- SEM) reached 30.1 +/- 3.1% (SAP) and 24.7 +/- 2.9% (DAP) after 30 to 110 min of infusion. Initially there were transitory initial increases in SAP (3 patients) and DAP (1 patient). The increases in blood pressure were related to low body surface area (BSA). The dose of clonidine per m2BSA able to reduce by 10% either SAP or DAP (active dose-10), and the dose able to reduce SAP or DAP by 10 mmHg in one minute (systolic or diastolic clonidine unit) were calculated, providing indices for detecting clonidine responsiveness in patients with exaggerated hypertension. This method is advantageous when using clonidine intravenously because it diminishes the risk of overdosage.
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PMID:Acute hypotensive action of clonidine after intravenous infusion in hypertensive emergencies. 662 97


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