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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The renin-angiotensin system appears to play a major role in the regulation of sodium excretion and fluid intake in a wide variety of animal species from mammals to teleosts. In mammals the system has evolved further importance in terms of blood pressure homeostasis. This hormonal system in all species appears to involve a serum protein prohormone, angiotensinogen, a proteolytic enzyme, renin, and angiotensin I, the decapeptide product of the reaction between renin and angiotensinogen. The importance of this system to the organism appears to correlate directly with the necessity to conserve sodium while an abnormality of this process may underlie the development of hypertension in man. As the starting point of the system, angiotensinogen assumes special importance as a possible index of evolutionary development. In addition, it has been known for many years that human (viz. primate) angiotensinogen differs from that found in other mammals in its inability to be a substrate for animal renins while animal angiotensinogens readily react with human renin. Thus, the enzymatic specificity appears to reside with the prohormone. The biochemical basis for this difference is unresolved due primarily to the lack of purified human angiotensinogen. In this paper we describe methods for the purification of human angiotensinogen which have direct applicability to animal angiotensinogens. Our approach utilizes ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-150 chromatography, multiple isoelectric focusing, and concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. With the availability of highly purified human angiotensinogen we compared the molecular weights, heterogeneity, isoelectric points, and thermal lability of hog, rabbit, and human angiotensinogen in order to define the biochemical basis of the species variation in renin reactivity...
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PMID:Human angiotensinogen. Purification partial characterization, and a comparison with animal prohormones. 1 60

To plan prospective studies of obesity and hypertension, we measured skinfold thickness, weight, blood pressure, and protein fractions in 920 children who were divided according to age, sex, and race. Correlations between measurements were calculated within each of these groups. Children aged 10, 11, and 12 years had direct correlations between diastolic blood pressure and serum albumin level, but inverse correlations between diastolic blood pressure and alpha-globulin level as well as inverse correlations with alpha-globulin level. These correlations did not occur in similar children aged 8, 9, and 10. Although diastolic blood pressure correlated with skinfold thickness in all groups, there was no correlation between skinfold thickness and serum protein levels.
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PMID:Correlation of blood pressure with skinfold thickness and protein levels. 5 84

The permeability of the vascular wall to the penetration into it of fibrinogen and serum protein in experimental hypertension of rats (ischemic renal and corticosteroid hypertension) was studied. Use was made of the indirect variant of Coons' method involving application of antisera to the mouse fibrinogen and to serum protein of rats. The development of the study models of experimental hypertension in rats was accompanied by an elevated vascular permeability and insudation of the plasma into the vasal wall. The disruption of the vascular permeability was more pronounced in arterioled of different organs of rats with DOCA-saline hypertension.
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PMID:[Vascular plasmorrhagia in experimental hypertension]. 102 21

Cerebral edema complicates many neurosurgical conditions, such as head injuries, neoplasms and infections, and is the direct result of operative trauma. The recognition and the treatment of brain edema are of great practical importance, particularly in those conditions leading to brain herniations and/or intracranial hypertension. Brain edema can be distinguished into two major categories, based on the integrity of the blood brain-barrier (BBB). With intact BBB edema, the crucial pathogenic event is related to disturbances of cellular metabolism and ionic transport. All the cellular elements of brain may undergo swelling, with a concomitant reduction of the extracellular-fluid space of the brain. Open BBB edema, the most common form of brain edema, is characterized by increased permeability of the brain endothelial cells. Brain edema results from the oncotic forces generated from a serum protein influx into the nervous tissue, and edema fluid accumulates primarily in the extracellular space. The non-operative management of brain edema requires attention to the causes that have induced brain edema. Specific pharmacologic therapy with corticosteroids, hyperosmolar agents and furosemide or acetazolamide depend upon accurate assessment of BBB integrity.
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PMID:[Postoperative cerebral edema. Physiopathology of the edema and medical therapy]. 162 Apr 60

We retrospectively analysed the effects of a 12-month treatment with captopril (Tensiomin) in 46 patients. All of the patients had hypertension lasting for years (9 essential, 37 with chronic renal failure), 32 of them had proteinuria. Captopril was given in addition to, or in exchange for, other antihypertensive drugs. Under treatment with ACE-inhibitors, a small but significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (0.4 torr/month) and in proteinuria (0.19 g/month) was seen (regression analysis). Discriminant analysis showed proteinuria and diastolic blood pressure to be the more modifiable, the younger the patients, the higher the proteinuria at the beginning and the longer the history of hypertension. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum protein and serum potassium did not change.
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PMID:[Effect of the ACE-inhibitor captopril on the blood pressure and kidney function of patients with essential and renal hypertension]. 177 7

The relationship between determinants of blood viscosity and blood pressure (BP) variables was studied in a large sample of a population aged 25 to 64 years. Plasma viscosity, hemoglobin, and total serum protein were examined. Systolic and diastolic BP and the prevalence of hypertension showed a crude positive association with plasma viscosity levels in both sexes. Age, body mass index, and total serum protein appeared to have a confounding effect on this relationship, whereas hemoglobin, smoking behavior, and alcohol consumption did not. A crude positive association was also found between total serum protein levels and the prevalence of hypertension in men and women; however, since total serum protein was treated as a covariable, no further analyses were carried out. In contrast to findings reported in the literature, hemoglobin levels were not correlated with BP variables in either sex. After adjusting for all confounders, a significant main effect of plasma viscosity still was found. However, the magnitude of the effect was not as large as for body mass index, a well-established risk variable for hypertension. These results indicate that BP is positively associated with plasma viscosity. Whether increased plasma viscosity in hypertension constitutes a primary or a secondary phenomenon remains to be answered. Since plasma viscosity is significantly associated with hypertension but any BP variable, increased levels of plasma proteins (particularly fibrinogen as the main determinant of plasma viscosity) may represent the cause for elevated plasma viscosity. This might contribute to persistently increased resistance to blood flow on the microcirculatory level in arterial hypertension.
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PMID:Association between plasma viscosity and blood pressure. Results from the MONICA-project Augsburg. 187 5

From June 1986 to October 1989, ten children suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Their ages ranged from 4 to 16 years; 3 were boys and 7 were girls. IgM mesangial nephropathy (IgMN) (three cases) were the most common causes of renal failure in the patients. All patients were trained in the hospital. After CAPD treatment, serum BUN and creatinine dropped significantly. Serum levels of potassium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase dropped and serum sodium and calcium rose significantly after treatment. Improvement of anemic state and control of hypertension were also noted. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia developed after CAPD treatment. Despite protein loss through the peritoneal cavity, there was no evidence of protein malnutrition. Total serum protein and albumin increased significantly after treatment. The most common complication was peritonitis. Three of these 10 patients developed an episode of peritonitis, or an incidence of 1 episode per 17.2 patient months. To the present, seven patients are still doing well on CAPD. Three patients have received renal transplantation. The majority of the patients experienced an increased sense of well-being, easier diet and fluid management, freedom for travel and daily activities. Physical development also improved, with body length and body weight gaining steadily. It can be concluded that CAPD is a good modality of long-term therapy for ESRD children.
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PMID:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for children with end stage renal disease. 226 Apr 64

Rats with chronic neuromuscular block (NMB) maintained by continuous infusion of alpha-bungarotoxin were classically conditioned. All rats showed reliable discriminative-conditioned tibial nerve firing, hind limb vasoconstriction, hypertension, bradycardia, and electroencephalographic (EEG) desynchronization. A regression analysis indicated that the conditioned vasoconstriction was neither centrally mediated by, nor inextricably linked to, skeletal (tibial) nerve firing. Throughout the experiment there were normal blood gases, pH, Na, serum protein, hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate, vasomotor tone, and tibial nerve activity. The vital signs, EEG spectra, and cortical evoked potentials reflected regular sleep-wakefulness cycles and responsiveness to mild stimuli. The NMB rat preparation with its stable physiological state and fully intact central nervous system may be a useful model for a variety of physiological, medical, and neurobehavioral studies.
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PMID:Learning of physiological responses: I. Habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. 181 23

Seven of eight hypertensive Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria completed a randomised crossover trial to compare the renal effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) and calcium antagonist (nicardipine). Four-week fixed oral maintenance dosages of enalapril (10-20 mg/day) and nicardipine (60-120 mg/day) significantly (p less than 0.05) lowered the systolic and diastolic blood pressures without altering renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction. Both drugs significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) urinary albumin excretion rate and fractional clearance of albumin to similar extents. Total renal vascular resistance decreased significantly by nicardipine (p less than 0.05) and non-significantly by enalapril. Plasma osmotic pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration, total serum protein concentration, serum electrolytes and HbA1c remained unchanged by these drugs, whereas plasma renin activity was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the enalapril than in the control and nicardipine phases. These results suggest that both drugs have similar renal function preserving effects with a concomitant hypotensive action in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria, and that the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may not have advantageous renal effects when compared to the calcium antagonist and vice versa. Both drugs might be useful for treatment of high blood pressure in hypertensive diabetic patients, if long-term studies of these drugs can be shown to benefit the patients over other conventional antihypertensive therapies.
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PMID:Comparison of the renal effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium antagonist in hypertensive type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: a randomised controlled trial. 254 54

In a cross-sectional health screening 636 persons with negative urine glucose, a 75-g-oral glucose tolerance test was performed. We report the clinical features of the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. In 96 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the frequencies of alcohol dependency, fatty liver, and of increased levels of serum uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, total serum protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher than in normal subjects. In 37 subjects with diabetes mellitus, the frequencies of fatty liver, hypertension and of increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher than in normal subjects. In addition, significant increases in serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides, serum total cholesterol and body mass index, and a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol were also observed in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. These results suggest that alcohol dependency, fatty liver, obesity and hyperlipidemia are important concomitants of impaired glucose tolerance.
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PMID:Study on background factors associated with impaired glucose tolerance and/or diabetes mellitus. 278 10


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