Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subcutaneous injections of elcatonin, a synthetic analogue of eel calcitonin, lowered the blood pressure in DOCA/saline-hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but not in normotensive Wistar rats. The hypotensive effect was more prominent in the DOCA hypertensive rats. Daily injections of elcatonin (10-30 U/kg/day for 21 days) resulted in maximum hypotension on the 4th day in DOCA hypertensive rats and on the 14th day in SHR, and the reduced level of blood pressure was maintained. After the cessation of elcatonin injections, the pressure started to elevate gradually towards the control level. In normotensive rats, elcatonin did not significantly alter the blood pressure for 6 weeks. Daily injections of elcatonin significantly prevented the development of DOCA-induced hypertension and spontaneously-occurring hypertension. Elcatonin-induced hypotension did not differ in the control and parathyroidectomized DOCA hypertensive rats. Elcatonin did not alter the pressor response to noradrenaline, vasopressin and angiotensin II nor the depressor response to isoproterenol, acetylcholine and histamine in DOCA hypertensive rats. It is concluded that the antihypertensive effect of elcatonin is not associated with the release of parathyroid hormone nor with the blockade of alpha, beta, angiotensin II and vasopressin receptors.
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PMID:[Antihypertensive action of elcatonin]. 667 29

Indications and complications of estrogen replacement therapy are discussed in this edited transcription of a conference held at the UCLA School of Medicine. Although many of the symptoms of loss of ovarian function can be corrected by estrogen replacement therapy, several potentially harmful side effects are associated with the administration of estrogen. Hot flashes, the most common menopausal symptom for which women seek treatment, may continue over extended periods of time and the loss of ovarian feedback signals. Several types of evidence indicate that hot flashes are centrally rather than peripherally mediated disturbances, and it now appears that the hypothalamic factors which stimulate pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone play an integral role in initiation of hot flashes. The fact that the extent of estrogen deficiency differs among postmenopausal women may explain why all women do not have hot flashes. The effects of body size on estrogen production and plasma protein binding appear to be significant variables modulating the extent of estrogen deficiency and hypothalamic function. Other studies suggest that calcitonin and gonadal steroids are linked in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis, but the mechanism of action of estrogen replacement therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis has not been elucidated. Most investigations have failed to show the presence of estrogen receptors in bone. It is likely that the term osteoporosis includes heterogeneous skeletal disorders and that both sex hormones and calcemic hormones are important in pathogenesis. Further research is required on the possible effect of estrogen replacement therapy in decreasing relative risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease. Vaginal atrophy is an accepted indication for estrogen replacement, but its use for skin indications should not be recommended until a beneficial cosmetic effect is shown. Complications of estrogen replacement include endometrial cancer, breast cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gallbladder disease, the latter 3 apparently resulting from hepatic action of estrogen replacement therapy. Because of the enhanced hepatic action of orally administered estrogen, other routes of administration are being explored. Additional research is needed to define the risk-benefit ratio of estrogen replacement therapy.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement therapy: indications and complications. 682 55

Two women ahd acromegaly due to a pituitary adenoma associated with phaeochromocytoma. Eight additional patients with this combination of tumours have been described by others. Our first patient had sustained hypertension, mild hypercalcaemia, and elevated basal levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin associated with malignant phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. The second patient had episodic hypertension and normal basal serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin levels with a benign cystic phaeochromocytoma. Four of the ten patients died from causes related to the phaeochromocytoma. Three patients had parathyroid hyperplasia. A separate group of four patients with phaeochromocytoma and pituitary adenoma without acromegaly has also been reported. These fourteen patients probably represent a non-familial variant of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Our findings suggest that acromegalic patients with hypertension should be screened for phaeochromocytoma.
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PMID:Acromegaly and pituitary adenoma with phaeochromocytoma: a variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia. 729 6

Enhanced and diminished calcemia following administration of parathormone and calcitonin in hypertensive patients, respectively, were found not to differ from relevant values in healthy subjects. Calciuretic effect of parathormone results from its action on the bone and renal calcium transport. Quantitatively, the effects on the bone and renal calcium transport. Quantitatively, the effects on the bone presenting as elevated calcemia and calcium filtration capacity, its excreted fraction and renal excretion prevail, being less pronounced in hypertensive patients. A direct renal effect of parathyroid hormone indicated by stimulation of calcium tubular reabsorption is weaker in hypertensive subjects. Calcitonin administration inhibits tubular calcium reabsorption in the less degree in hypertensive subjects. The disorders in calciuretic function of the kidney in hypertension are secondary to reduced kidney sensitivity to the action of calcium regulating hormones.
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PMID:[The effect of calcium-regulating hormones on the renal transport of calcium in hypertension]. 749 41

The renal haemodynamic effects and renin-angiotensin II response to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) infusion were assessed in 16 patients with moderate hypertension and renal insufficiency. CGRP lowered the systemic mean blood pressure by 13% and increased the heart rate by 25%; the glomerular filtration rate rose from 56 +/- 11 ml/min to 71 +/- 8 ml/min (p < 0.005), the renal plasma flow decreased from 369 +/- 19 ml/min to 342 +/- 25 ml/min (p < 0.002) and the filtration fraction increased from 15 +/- 0.2% to 20 +/- 0.2%. Plasma renin activity rose stepwise during the CGRP infusion from 1.28 +/- 0.5 ng/ml/h to 1.66 +/- 0.4 and 1.89 +/- 0.4 ng/ml/h (p < 0.001). Angiotensin II showed a marked increase after 10 min of infusion (91.6 +/- 47.00 pg/ml) (control value 6.01 +/- 3.09 pg/ml) and at the end (28.63 +/- 16.00 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). CGRP exerts an apparently favourable effect on renal function of patients with renal insufficiency, but the observed increase of glomerular filtration rate is obtained by an increase of intraglomerular pressure secondary to angiotensin II production.
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PMID:Acute effects of calcitonin gene related peptide on renal haemodynamics and renin and angiotensin II secretion in patients with renal disease. 749 63

We investigated the influence of aging and hypertension on the vasorelaxant effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), examining the responses to stimulation of perivascular vasodilatory nerves and to administration of the peptide in isolated mesenteric vascular bed preparations of young (aged 2-3 months) and old (aged 18 months) normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We used preparations preconstricted by perfusion with 100 microM methoxamine with addition of 5 microM guanethidine. The stimulation-induced vasorelaxation in the preparations of young SHR animals was significantly lower than that in those of age-matched WKY rats. Moreover, the vasodilator response to stimulation displayed an age-dependent decline in vascular beds of normotensive animals. The degree of the relaxant response to CGRP (0.01-1 microM) did not differ significantly between vascular preparations of normotensive and hypertensive rats; but was significantly reduced in preparations of both SHR and WKY rats aged 18 months as compared with those of young animals. An age-dependent decrement in the vascular reactivity, qualitatively similar to that observed with CGRP, was also detected with two other vasodilators, i.e., the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh 0.1-100 microM) and the directly acting nitrovasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1-10 microM). We conclude that the vascular sensitivity to CGRP, as well as that to other vasodilator agents acting by different mechanisms, decreases with age in both normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats.
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PMID:Effects of aging and hypertension on vasorelaxant activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide: a comparison with other vasodilator agents. 751 87

Afferent renal nerves (ARN) have been implicated in the development of one-kidney renal wrap (1K-WRAP) hypertension. The role of renal nerves in desoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA) hypertension, a low-renin model of hypertension, is controversial. The present study was designed to determine if spinal substance P (SP) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ARN affects the development of 1K-WRAP or DOCA hypertension in adult rats. Selective long-term partial depletion of spinal SP and CGRP within small primary afferent nerve fibers including unmyelinated ARN was achieved by intrathecal administration of capsaicin. After capsaicin treatment, 1K-WRAP hypertension was induced by removing the right kidney and wrapping the left kidney with a figure-8 ligature. In a second group of rats, DOCA hypertension was induced by subcutaneous application of desoxycorticosterone pellets after unilateral nephrectomy. Systolic arterial pressure was monitored for 8 weeks by tail cuff plethysmography after which direct blood pressure measurement was performed followed by immunohistochemistry. Intrathecal capsaicin administration had no significant effect on SP-ir and CGRP-ir of ARN soma located within thoracic dorsal root ganglia whereas immunoreactivity against these peptides was reduced by one third to one half in the dorsal horn, indicating effective long-term spinal depletion of these neuropeptides. Intrathecal capsaicin enhanced the development of 1K-WRAP hypertension, since arterial pressure was greater in the treated group. In contrast, DOCA hypertension was unaffected by capsaicin pretreatment. Considering the neurotoxic action of capsaicin for SP-ir and CGRP-ir unmyelinated primary afferent neurons, we hypothesize that spinal SP, CGRP and/or related peptides existing in ARN and other capsaicin-sensitive unmyelinated primary afferent neurons in the lower thoracic spinal cord may ameliorate 1K-WRAP hypertension, but not DOCA hypertension.
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PMID:Intrathecal capsaicin enhances one-kidney renal wrap hypertension in the rat. 753 2

The number of women affected by postmenopausal osteoporosis is likely to continue to increase substantially as the population ages. Furthermore, the therapeutic options for such patients are likely to increase. In this brief review, we outline the use of the currently available medications for the management of osteoporosis--namely, estrogen, calcitonin, calcium, and vitamin D. In addition, we discuss the next generation of drugs that are likely to become available in the future--the bisphosphonates and estrogen analogues. As these options become available, the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis will become similar to the management of other common disorders such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia, in which the most appropriate medication may differ for individual patients. Thus, the treatment of osteoporosis is likely to evolve from a decision of whether to initiate estrogen replacement therapy to a more complex decision of the best agent to use for an individual patient.
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PMID:Treatment options for osteoporosis. 756 51

Parathyrin (PTH) and calcitonin were measured with radioimmunoassay in 39 cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in late pregnancy, 76 cases in normal early pregnancy and 278 cases in late pregnancy without PIH. Markedly increased PTH was noted in the women in late pregnancy, indicating the state of secondary hyperparathyroidism. PTH values in the women in late pregnancy with PIH were higher than those in the normal early pregnancy group, but lower than those in the women in late pregnancy without PIH. The difference between PTH values in the PIH group and late pregnancy without PIH group was of statistical significance (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was seen between calcitonin values of the two groups (P > 0.05). The results suggest that the pathogenesis of PIH may be related to the function of parathyroid.
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PMID:The relation of parathyroid function to pregnancy-induced hypertension. 758 86

The symptomatic postmenopausal woman with breast cancer presents the clinician with a difficult task with respect to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). All of the published meta-analyses have been consistent in showing that there is a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer in those patients using postmenopausal estrogens for greater than 10 years. However, there have been no published placebo-controlled clinical trials on the effects of HRT in women with a history of breast cancer. Quality of life must be balanced against the theoretical risk of tumor promotion. Assessment of osteoporotic and cardiac risk factors (i.e., smoking, hypertension, family history, hyperlipidemia) should influence the decision. Valid alternatives to estrogen replacement include low-dose progesterones such as Bellergal or vitamin E for hot flashes, and biphosphonates, calcium, anabolic steroids, and calcitonin for osteoporosis.
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PMID:The management of menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer. 761 Jun 43


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