Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypertension and kidney damage in the double transgenic rat (dTGR) harboring both human renin and human angiotensinogen genes are dependent on the human components of the renin angiotensin system. We tested the hypothesis that monocyte infiltration and increased adhesion molecule expression are involved in the pathogenesis of kidney damage in dTGR. We also evaluated the effects of long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, AT1 blockade, and human renin inhibition on monocyte recruitment and inflammatory response in dTGR. Systolic blood pressure and 24-hour albuminuria were markedly increased in 7-week-old dTGR as compared with age-matched normotensive Sprague Dawley rats. We found a significant monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the renal perivascular space and increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the interstitium, intima, and adventitia of the small renal vessels. alphaLbeta2 integrin and alpha4beta1 integrin, the corresponding ligands for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, were also found on infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibronectin in the kidneys of dTGR were increased and distributed similarly to ICAM-1. In 4-week-old dTGR, long-term treatment with ACE inhibition (cilazapril), AT1 receptor blockade (valsartan), and human renin inhibition (RO 65-7219) (each drug 10 mg/kg by gavage once a day for 3 weeks) completely prevented the development of albuminuria. However, only cilazapril and valsartan were able to decrease blood pressure to normotensive levels. Interestingly, the drugs were all equally effective in preventing monocyte/macrophage infiltration and the overexpression of adhesion molecules, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and fibronectin in the kidney. Our findings indicate that angiotensin II causes monocyte recruitment and vascular inflammatory response in the kidney by blood pressure-dependent and blood pressure-independent mechanisms. ACE inhibition, AT1 receptor blockade, and human renin inhibition all prevent monocyte/macrophage infiltration and increased adhesion molecule expression in the kidneys of dTGR.
Hypertension 1999 Jan
PMID:Monocyte infiltration and adhesion molecules in a rat model of high human renin hypertension. 993 Nov 35

The vascular endothelium is the inner lining of all blood vessels and serves as an important autocrine and paracrine organ, that regulates vascular wall functions. Because of its strategic location between the circulating blood and the vascular wall, the endothelium interacts with cellular and neurohumoral mediators, thus controlling vascular contractile state and cellular composition. The vascular endothelium maintains vascular homeostasis by modulating blood vessel tone, by regulating local cellular growth and extracellular matrix deposition and by controlling hemostatic as well as inflammatory responses. One of the best characterized and most important substances released from the endothelium is nitric oxide (NO). NO is a soluble gas which is continuously synthesized from the amino acid L-arginine in endothelial cells by the constitutively expressed nitric oxide synthase. The most important stimuli represent physical factors such as shear stress and pulsatile stretching of the vessel wall as well as circulating and locally released vasoactive substances. The endothelium can be seen as a biosensor, reacting to a large variety of stimuli and therefore maintaining adequate NO release. A large number of risk factors for atherosclerosis including hypercholesterolemia, systemic hypertension, smoking and diabetes have been associated with impaired endothelial NO-mediated vasodilation. "Endothelial dysfunction" is an early marker of atherosclerosis and may be closely related to the disease process. In acute coronary syndromes dysfunctional endothelium may trigger the devastating event of plaque rupture by promoting adhesion of leukocytes, vasoconstriction, activation of platelets and thrombos formation. Atherosclerotic blood vessels are further characterized by activation through zytokines and expression of cellular adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-Selectin). After adhesion to the endothelium mononuclear cells migrate to the subendothelial space to take up oxidized LDL, thus transforming into foam cells, a hall mark of early atherosclerotic lesions. A number of conditions including infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may cause continuous activation of the endothelium and inflammation of the vessel wall. Continuous endothelial dysfunction and activation, caused by risk factors and infection, represent the basis for atherogenesis and acute coronary syndromes.
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PMID:[Endothelial dysfunction--assessment of current status and approaches to therapy]. 1009 15

An elevated plasma concentration of the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is associated with increased risk for future coronary events. However, data exploring the interrelations of sICAM-1 with known cardiovascular risk factors are sparse. We determined sICAM-1 levels in 948 middle-aged men with no prior history of cardiovascular disease. sICAM-1 levels increased with age (P<0.001) and were significantly associated with smoking (P<0.001), hypertension (P<0.05), and frequent alcohol consumption (P=0.006). Positive correlations were observed between sICAM-1 and triglycerides (r=0.15; P<0.001), fibrinogen (r=0.21; P<0.001), tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (r=0.17; P<0.001), and total homocysteine (r=0.09; P=0.02); whereas a negative correlation was observed for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.15; P<0. 001). Overall, plasma concentrations of sICAM-1 increased with increasing prevalence of usual cardiovascular risk factors; mean plasma concentrations were 231, 236, 245, 257, and 312 ng/mL for those subjects with 0, 1, 2, 3, and >4 risk factors, respectively (P<0.01 for trend). In multivariate analysis, age, smoking status, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, positive family history of coronary disease, and serum levels of total homocysteine and fibrinogen were all independently associated with sICAM-1 levels (all P</=0.05). sICAM-1 levels are associated with several established cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies will be needed to evaluate whether these associations reflect the role of sICAM-1 as a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis, and whether such interrelations might have a causal basis.
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PMID:Cross-sectional study of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. 1039 75

This study was performed to determine whether or not the soluble-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (sELAM-1) are sensitive markers of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the mild PIH compared to non-pregnant women and normal pregnant groups. sVCAM-1 concentrations in the mild PIH group and the severe PIH group were significantly higher than the non-pregnant women group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, respectively) and the normal pregnant group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0005, respectively). The concentrations of sELAM-1 in the mild PIH group were also significantly higher compared to normal pregnant group (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that soluble cell adhesion molecules may be useful markers detecting endothelial damage and dysfunction in patients with PIH.
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PMID:[Examination of soluble cell adhesion molecules in pregnancy induced hypertension]. 1051 25

Upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules is the earliest step of atherogenesis. Whether obesity induces endothelial adhesin upregulation is unknown. To address this topic, circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) concentrations were evaluated in 22 obese hypertensive (51.4+/-4.6 years [mean+/-SD age]), 19 obese normotensive (50.6+/-3.8 years), 18 nonobese hypertensive (52.3+/-3.9 years), and 16 nonobese normotensive (52. 4+/-3.5 years) men without other risk factors or overt atherosclerosis. All measurements were repeated in the obese subgroups after weight loss induced by 12 weeks of caloric restriction. Basal circulating VCAM-1 levels were similar between the 2 obese groups but were higher (P<0.0001) than in the 2 nonobese groups. No differences were found between nonobese hypertensives and normotensives. Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol was weakly correlated with plasma soluble VCAM-1 levels in pooled, obese subjects (r=0.362, P=0.02). Plasma soluble adhesin and vWF concentrations decreased significantly after weight loss in obese hypertensives (VCAM-1 P=0.03, ICAM-1 P=0.004, E-selectin P<0.0001, and vWF P=0.003) and normotensives (VCAM-1 P=0.04, ICAM-1 P=0.003, E-selectin P<0.0001, and vWF P<0.0001). Body mass index was correlated with plasma E-selectin concentrations at baseline and after weight loss in obese hypertensives (r=0.501, P=0.018 and r=0. 466, P=0.03, respectively) and obese normotensives (r=0.523, P=0.021 and r=0.460, P=0.05, respectively). In conclusion, our data show that obesity per se induces early endothelial activation in hypertensive and normotensive men. Weight loss counteracted endothelial activation in both obese hypertensive and normotensive men.
Hypertension 1999 Oct
PMID:Early upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in obese hypertensive men. 1052 28

We previously reported that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induces inflammatory changes (monocyte infiltration, myofibroblast formation, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] and transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF-beta1] expression) in the rat heart and vessel. There is debate regarding whether TGF-beta1 exhibits proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities. We used the rat model to investigate the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of such inflammatory changes. We show here that infiltrating monocytes and myofibroblasts in the inflammatory lesions produced TGF-beta1 on the third day of L-NAME administration. Cotreatment with a monoclonal antibody against TGF-beta1, but not with control IgG, prevented the L-NAME-induced cardiac inflammation. The antibody also significantly inhibited the gene expression of MCP-1, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In summary, the antibody against TGF-beta1 prevented inflammatory changes in rat heart and vessel induced by chronic inhibition of NO synthesis, suggesting that increased production of TGF-beta1 is involved in the inflammatory changes in this model.
Hypertension 2000 Jan
PMID:Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in cardiovascular inflammatory changes induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. 1064 80

The mechanism behind the development of vascular complications of hypertension in the young human remains unclear. To explore the role of vascular endothelium-generated nitric oxide (a known mediator of leucocyte-platelet-endothelial interactions) in this context, we investigated markers of endothelial activation (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin), and von Willebrand factor and the plasma level of the endogenous nitric oxide inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) in a group of 31 (17 male, mean age 9.4 years) hypertensive and 9 (4 male, mean age 9.1 years) healthy, normotensive children and young adults. We found raised levels of ADMA (mean (SEM) 235 (32) n mol/l) and VCAM-1 (median (range) 1237 (675-2700) ng/ml) in the plasma of hypertensive subjects compared with those of normotensives (ADMA, 103 (7) n mol/l and VCAM-1, 1005 (425-1650) ng/ml, respectively). Furthermore, in hypertensive subjects, higher VCAM-1 concentrations (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and vWF concentrations (r = 0.37, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with a higher plasma ADMA level. Therefore, an isolated increase in plasma VCAM-1 in hypertensives in association with raised ADMA may signify a selective "non-inflammatory" endothelial activation triggered by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Since VCAM-1 is implicated in the origins of atherosclerosis, ADMA may be an important contributory factor in increasing the risk of atheroma formation in hypertensive children and young adults.
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PMID:Vascular endothelial cell activation associated with increased plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine in children and young adults with hypertension: a basis for atheroma? 1085 1

To elucidate the possible involvement of angiotensin II (AII) in the pathogenesis of microvascular changes in severe hypertension, we investigated the effects of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) on the expression of adhesion molecules of leukocytes and brain microvessels. Male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at 19 weeks of age were divided into three groups and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were used as the control group. AT1 receptor antagonist (TCV-116, 0.5 mg/kg/day) and ACEI (captopril, 20 mg/kg/day) were administered to SHRSP for 4 weeks. Mac-1 expression in leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometric analysis. For endothelial cells, we examined the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the AT1 receptor, and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1, a marker of the blood-brain barrier) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The blood pressure of AT1 receptor antagonist and ACEI-treated groups was slightly lower than that of the control, but was still greater than 220 mm Hg. Mac-1 expression, as well as ICAM-1 expression, was higher in control SHRSP than in WKY. Such enhanced expression of adhesion molecules in SHRSP was ameliorated by the administration of AT1 receptor antagonist or ACEI, the former being more effective. AT1 receptor expression was higher in control SHRSP than in WKY, and was lower in the AT1 receptor antagonist group, whereas no difference was found in the ACEI group. No significant differences were found in GLUT-1 expression among all groups. In the case of hypertensive cerebral injuries in SHRSP, leukocytes may have an important role for initiation via adhesion to endothelial cells. AT1 receptor antagonist showed a beneficial effect for the amelioration of enhanced expression of adhesion molecule in both leukocytes and endothelial cells. Thus, AII seems to be an important mediator for the hypertensive microvascular injuries.
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PMID:Effects of the AT1 receptor antagonist on adhesion molecule expression in leukocytes and brain microvessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1107 85

Intraglomerular hypertension is a primary causal factor in the progressive glomerulosclerosis that characterizes diabetic nephropathy or severe renal ablation. However, inflammation of the glomerular mesangium also participates in at least the early phase of these diseases. In glomerulonephritis, where inflammation is thought to be the predominant causal factor, intraglomerular hypertension is also often present. Mesangial cells (MCs) are critical in orchestrating key functions of the glomerulus including extracellular matrix metabolism, cytokine production, and interaction with leukocytes. Because MCs are subject to increased stretching when intraglomerular hypertension is present, and in glomerulonephritis MC/leukocyte interactions seem to be mediated primarily via the up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), we examine the possibility that cyclic stretching is a stimulus for increased MC ICAM-1 activity. We demonstrate that the normal low levels of MC ICAM-1 mRNA and protein are dramatically up-regulated by even short intervals of cyclic stretch. This effect is dose- and time-dependent, and requires little amplitude and a brief period of elongation for significant induction. Stretch-induced MC ICAM-1 also leads to a marked elevation in phagocytic leukocyte adherence. This stimulated adherence is equal or greater than that induced by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, whereas an additive effect occurs when both are applied in combination. Our results indicate that stretch-induced ICAM-1 may provide a direct link between hypertension and inflammation in the progression of injury and glomerulosclerosis in diabetes, renal ablation, and other forms of glomerulonephritis.
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PMID:Cyclic stretching of mesangial cells up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte adherence: a possible new mechanism for glomerulosclerosis. 1114 73

This study was performed to determine whether the levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-l) and soluble endothelial molecule-1 (sE-selectin) were elevated in subjects with hypercholesterolemia who presented with no other risk factors or evidence of atherosclerosis. The effects of administration of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the serum levels of these molecules were also examined. Forty hypercholesterolemic subjects (HCh) (19 males and 21 females), without hypertension or cardiovascular disease, received placebo for 4 weeks. The patients were then randomized in two groups; 20 of them (simvastatin group) were treated with simvastatin (20 mg/day) and the other 20 (placebo group) continued placebo administration. After 12 and 24 weeks of either simvastatin or placebo treatment, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels were measured. The same parameters were measured in 20 control subjects (C) with normal cholesterol levels, matched for sex and age. HCh had sICAM-1 basal values higher than C (352.4+/-57.9 ng/ml versus 114.9+/-89.6 ng/ml; P<0.001); however, sE-selectin basal values were not different in the two groups. No correlation was observed between HCh sICAM-1 levels and cholesterol levels (total and low-density lipoprotein). Furthermore, cholesterol-lowering treatment with simvastatin did not significantly diminish sICAM-1 levels. Our findings would support the hypothesis that patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia and without clinical atherosclerosis may be silent carriers of arterial subendothelial inflammation, expressed as an increase of sICAM-1.
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PMID:Effects of simvastatin treatment on sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. 1122 35


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