Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies were designed to examine the influence of endothelin type A receptor (ETA) blockade on the hypertensive and renal response to 4 day treatment with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and cyclosporine. In the first series of experiments, male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained in metabolic cages were given the L-NAME at 50 mg/100 ml in the drinking water with or without the ETA receptor antagonist, A-127722 (2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-[[(dibutyl amino)carbonyl]methyl]-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid; 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), in either food or water. After 4 days, tail cuff estimates of systolic arterial pressure and a blood sample were obtained. A-127722 prevented the rise in tail cuff pressure produced by L-NAME. In the second series of experiments, rats were given cyclosporine at 20 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (i.p.) or cyclosporine plus L-NAME. Control groups were given olive oil (1 ml/kg i.p.). Treatment with cyclosporine alone had no effect on tail cuff pressure or plasma creatinine, but significantly attenuated the normal increase in body weight over the 4-day period. The combination of cyclosporine plus L-NAME significantly increased both tail cuff pressure and plasma creatinine and completely prevented any gain in body weight. L-NAME plus olive oil produced a significant increase in tail cuff pressure but changed no other variable. To determine the role of ETA receptors in this setting, a final series of rats were treated with cyclosporine and L-NAME along with A-127722 in the drinking water. ETA receptor blockade had no effect on the increase in tail cuff pressure, plasma creatinine or the attenuated weight gain. These results indicate that subchronic (4-day) L-NAME hypertension is maintained, at least in part, by activation of ETA receptors although the hypertensive and renal response to combined L-NAME and cyclosporine treatment does not involve ETA receptor activation. These results support the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction predisposes the kidney to functional derangements associated with cyclosporine.
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PMID:Role of endothelin ET(A) receptors in the hypertension produced by 4-day L-nitroarginine methyl ester and cyclosporine treatment. 961 50

We recently reported that the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) promotes inflammation in rats harboring both human renin and angiotensinogen genes (double-transgenic rats [dTGR]). We tested the hypothesis that the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits NF-kappaB and ameliorates renal and cardiac end-organ damage. dTGR feature hypertension, severe renal and cardiac damage, and a 40% mortality rate at 7 weeks. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed increased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in hearts and kidneys of dTGR. Chronic PDTC (200 mg/kg SC) treatment decreased blood pressure (162+/-8 versus 190+/-7 mm Hg; P=0.02) in dTGR compared with dTGR controls. The cardiac hypertrophy index was also significantly reduced (4.90+/-0.1 versus 5.77+/-0.1 mg/g; P<0. 001). PDTC reduced 24-hour albuminuria by >95% (2.5+/-0.8 versus 57. 1+/-8.7 mg/d; P<0.001) and prevented death. Vascular injury was ameliorated in small renal and cardiac vessels. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that PDTC inhibited NF-kappaB binding activity in heart and kidney, whereas AP-1 activity in the kidney was not decreased. dTGR exhibited increased left ventricular c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression. PDTC treatment reduced c-fos but not c-jun mRNA. Immunohistochemistry showed increased p65 NF-kappaB subunit expression in the endothelium and smooth muscle cells of damaged small vessels, as well as infiltrating cells in glomeruli, tubules, and collecting ducts of dTGR. PDTC markedly reduced the immunoreactivity of p65. PDTC also prevented the NF-kappaB-dependent transactivation of the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Monocyte infiltration was markedly increased in dTGR kidneys and hearts. Chronic treatment reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration by 72% and 64%, respectively. Thus, these results demonstrate that PDTC inhibits NF-kappaB activity, ameliorates inflammation, and protects against angiotensin II-induced end-organ damage.
Hypertension 2000 Jan
PMID:NF-kappaB inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced inflammatory damage in rats. 1064 97

Nitric oxide attenuates both vasopressin-induced vasoconstriction and vasopressin release. We tested whether hypertension and renal dysfunction elicited by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis using N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) could be mediated in part by vasopressin V(1A) receptors. Male rats were treated orally for 6 weeks with L-NNA (15 mg/kg per day), a nonpeptide V(1A) receptor antagonist (2S)-1-[(2R,3S)-5-chloro-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(3, 4-dimethoxybenzene-sulfonyl)-3-hydroxy-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (SR 49059, 30 mg/kg per day), or a combination of SR 49059 and L-NNA (same doses), or they received no treatment. Both drugs were added to the food. Measurements were performed in conscious rats (urine collection in metabolic cages, tail-cuff arterial pressure) and at the end of the study in anesthetized rats (clearance measurements). L-NNA produced sustained hypertension, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and increased renal vascular resistance, plasma renin activity, and urinary albumin excretion. SR 49059 had no effect per se on these parameters and also did not attenuate the hypertension and renal dysfunction induced by L-NNA. Surprisingly, SR 49059 potentiated L-NNA-induced hypertension at the end of the 6-week treatment. However, the blood pressure response and the renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction elicited by exogenous vasopressin were attenuated in rats treated with SR 49059. L-NNA did not change plasma vasopressin concentration or 24-hour urinary vasopressin excretion. Our findings suggest that activation of vasopressin V(1A) receptors does not contribute to the hypertension and renal dysfunction induced by chronic NO synthesis inhibition. They also document unchanged plasma vasopressin concentration in NO-deficient hypertension.
Hypertension 2000 Feb
PMID:Vasopressin does not effect hypertension caused by long-term nitric oxide inhibition. 1067 4

Injury of endothelial cells has been assumed to be an initial trigger of the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell death induced by hypoxia, which leads to oxidative stress. To study the relation between hypoxia-induced cell death and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in a hypoxic state, we evaluated the effect of 2 antioxidant drugs, probucol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on human endothelial apoptosis. Although hypoxic treatment of human aortic endothelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in cell number and a significant increase in apoptotic cells compared with that of cells under normoxia (P<0.01), treatment with probucol (50 micromol/L) or PDTC (100 micromol/L) significantly attenuated the decrease in cell number (P<0.01) and was accompanied by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Furthermore, downregulation of bcl-2 caused by hypoxia was inhibited by these drugs. We further investigated the translocation of bax protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial heavy fraction membrane, as translocation of bax protein is considered to be a determinant of apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that antioxidant treatment inhibited the translocation of bax protein caused by hypoxia. Moreover, upregulation of p53, a proapoptotic molecule, was observed in hypoxia, whereas treatment with probucol attenuated the expression of p53 accompanied by suppression of NF-kappaB activation. These data suggest functional links between p53 and endothelial apoptosis through the activation of NF-kappaB. Overall, the current study demonstrated that oxidative stress induced apoptosis in human aortic endothelial cells through the downregulation of bcl-2, translocation of bax, and upregulation of p53, probably through NF-kappaB activation. Oxidative stress may play an important role in endothelial apoptosis mediated by hypoxia, through the activation of NF-kappaB.
Hypertension 2001 Jul
PMID:Endothelial apoptosis induced by oxidative stress through activation of NF-kappaB: antiapoptotic effect of antioxidant agents on endothelial cells. 1146 59

Heart failure and hypertension have each been linked to an induction of oxidative stress transduced by neurohormones, such as angiotensin II and catecholamines. Herein, we hypothesized that aldosterone (ALDO) likewise induces oxidative stress and accounts for a proinflammatory/fibrogenic phenotype that appears at vascular and nonvascular sites of injury found in both right and left ventricles in response to ALDO/salt treatment and that would be sustained with chronic treatment. Uninephrectomized rats received ALDO (0.75 micro g/hour) together with 1% dietary NaCl, for 3, 4, or 5 weeks. Other groups received this regimen in combination with an ALDO receptor antagonist, spironolactone (200 mg/kg p.o. daily), or an antioxidant, either pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (200 mg/kg s.c. daily) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (200 mg/kg i.p. daily). Unoperated and untreated age- and gender-matched rats served as controls. We monitored spatial and temporal responses in molecular and cellular events using serial, coronal sections of right and left ventricles. Our studies included: assessment of systolic blood pressure; immunohistochemical detection of NADPH oxidase expression and activity; analysis of redox-sensitive nuclear factor-kappaB activation; in situ localization of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression; monitoring cell growth and infiltration of macrophages and T cells; and analysis of the appearance and quantity of fibrous tissue accumulation. At week 3 of ALDO/salt treatment and comparable to controls, there was no evidence of oxidative stress or pathological findings in the heart. However, at weeks 4 and 5 of treatment, increased gp91(phox) and 3-nitrotyrosine expression and persistent activation of RelA were found in endothelial cells and inflammatory cells that appeared in the perivascular space of intramural coronary arteries and at sites of lost cardiomyocytes in both ventricles. Coincident in time and space with these events was increased mRNA expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and proliferating endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblast-like cells were seen at each of these sites, together with an accumulation of fibrillar collagen, or fibrosis, as evidenced by a significant increase in ventricular collagen volume fraction. Co-treatment with spironolactone, PDTC, or NAC attenuated these molecular and cellular responses as well as the appearance of fibrosis at vascular and nonvascular sites of injury. Furthermore, elevated systolic blood pressure in ALDO-treated rats was partially suppressed by spironolactone or either antioxidant. Thus, chronic ALDO/salt treatment is accompanied by a time-dependent sustained activation of NADPH oxidase with 3-nitrotyrosine generation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation expressed by endothelial cells and inflammatory cells. This leads to a proinflammatory/fibrogenic phenotype involving vascular and nonvascular sites of injury found, respectively, in both normotensive and hypertensive right and left ventricles. Spionolactone, PDTC, and NAC each attenuated these responses suggesting ALDO/salt induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress is responsible for the appearance of this proinflammatory phenotype.
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PMID:Aldosterone-induced inflammation in the rat heart : role of oxidative stress. 1241 24

N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a ubiquitous tetrapeptide hydrolyzed almost exclusively by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Chronic treatment with Ac-SDKP decreases cardiac and renal fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in hypertensive rats. However, very little is known about endogenous synthesis of Ac-SDKP, except that thymosin-beta4 may be the most likely precursor. Two enzymes are potentially able to release Ac-SDKP from thymosin-beta4: prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) and endoproteinase asp-N. POP is widely present and active in several tissues and biological fluids, whereas endoproteinase asp-N appears to be lacking in mammals. Therefore, we hypothesized that POP is the main enzyme involved in synthesizing the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP. We investigated in vitro and in vivo production of Ac-SDKP. Using kidney cortex homogenates, we observed that Ac-SDKP was generated in a time-dependent manner in the presence of exogenous thymosin-beta4, and this generation was significantly inhibited by several POP inhibitors (POPi), Z-prolyl-prolinal, Fmoc-prolyl-pyrrolidine-2-nitrile, and S17092. Long-term administration of S17092 in rats significantly decreased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP in the plasma (from 1.76+/-0.2 to 1.01+/-0.1 nM), heart (from 2.31+/-0.21 to 0.83+/-0.09 pmol/mg protein), and kidneys (from 5.62+/-0.34 to 2.86+/-0.76 pmol/mg protein). As expected, ACE inhibitors significantly increased endogenous levels of Ac-SDKP in the plasma, heart, and kidney, whereas coadministration of POPi prevented this increase. We concluded that POP is the main enzyme responsible for synthesis of the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP.
Hypertension 2004 May
PMID:Prolyl oligopeptidase is involved in release of the antifibrotic peptide Ac-SDKP. 1503 53

Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. p22phox-based NAD(P)H oxidases exist in the vessel wall, acting as important superoxide-generating systems in the vasculature. Some studies have identified reduced atherosclerosis in the presence of the C242T CYBA polymorphism, whereas others have not. Because vascular p22phox is identical to neutrophil p22phox, we studied the association between the C242T, A640G, and -930A/G CYBA polymorphisms and the quantity of superoxide produced from neutrophils isolated from healthy adults to determine if these polymorphisms had any functional impact on NADPH oxidase function. Neutrophils were isolated from 90 subjects by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction mapping, as well as real-time PCR. The oxidative burst was stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Superoxide was quantified using the superoxide dismutase inhibitable oxidation of the spin probe hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance. Superoxide production was significantly affected by the C242T polymorphism, being 8.7+/-0.7, 7.9+/-0.6, and 5.9+/-1.2 micromol/L per minute per 10(6) neutrophils for the C242T CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, the A640G and the -930A/G polymorphisms did not alter the neutrophil respiratory burst. Phagocytic respiratory burst activity in homozygous individuals with the T allele of the C242T CYBA polymorphism is significantly lower than of wild-type carriers and heterozygous individuals. Because p22phox exists in both the neutrophil and vessel wall, vascular oxidative stress is likely diminished in individuals with this polymorphism.
Hypertension 2004 Jun
PMID:C242T CYBA polymorphism of the NADPH oxidase is associated with reduced respiratory burst in human neutrophils. 1507 63

Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy frequently causes hypertension in humans and animals with chronic renal failure. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and its accumulation has been associated with reducing NO bioavailability and increasing superoxide generation. Whether epoetin beta (EPO) or darbepoetin alpha (NESP) can modify the levels of ADMA in endothelial cells was investigated. Endothelial cells from the third passage were incubated for 24 h in the presence of various concentrations of EPO or NESP (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 U/ml). The levels of ADMA, allantoin, nitrate, and nitrite in conditioned media and the activity of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), the content of thiols and reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells, were determined. When endothelial cells were exposed to EPO or NESP, ADMA concentration in the cell culture medium increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner versus control. This effect was associated with a reduced activity of DDAH, the enzyme that degrades ADMA. Furthermore, EPO- or NESP-induced accumulation of ADMA was accompanied by a significant reduction of NO synthesis and an increase in oxidative stress. Both allantoin, a marker of oxygen free radical generation, and reactive oxygen species increased significantly after EPO or NESP treatment compared with control. The antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate preserved DDAH activity and reduced ADMA accumulation in the same way as the co-incubation with anti-EPO neutralizing antibody. EPO and NESP posttranslationally impair DDAH activity via increased oxidative stress, causing ADMA as an important cardiovascular risk factor to accumulate and inhibit NO synthesis.
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PMID:Erythropoietin increases asymmetric dimethylarginine in endothelial cells: role of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. 1572 83

The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB plays a leading role in cardiac hypertrophy associated with heart failure, but whether it is involved in cardiac mass reduction is not known. We evaluated whether inhibiting the NF-kappaB cascade with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) affected hypertrophy. We measured NF-kappaB signaling components [NF-kappaB translocation, IkappaBalpha, p65, mRNA and protein levels, and IkappaB kinase-beta (IKKbeta) activity] at 12 and 36 wk in WKYs and SHRs and at 10 wk in PDTC-treated rats (n = 9). NF-kappaB activation was also evaluated in rats treated for 10 wk with captopril or hydralazine alone or with either drug plus PDTC. All components were increased in SHRs compared with WKYs. After PDTC treatment, NF-kappaB activity was inhibited, and heart weight-to-body weight ratio in SHRs was significantly attenuated (3.52 +/- 0.04 to 3.32 +/- 0.05 mg/kg). Captopril treatment significantly reduced cardiac mass (3.5 vs. 3.05 mg/kg; n = 9) and inhibited NF-kappaB activity (169.71 +/- 5.70 to 106.7 +/- 12.44). Hydralazine had no effect on cardiac mass (3.5 vs. 3.42 mg/kg) or NF-kappaB activity (169.71 +/- 5.70 to 155.52 +/- 6.11). Hydralazine plus PDTC reduced blood pressure (191.16 +/- 1.7 to 158.5 +/- 2.36 mmHg) and inhibited NF-kappaB activity (169.71 +/- 5.70 to 97.29 +/- 3.65). Our data suggest that 1) cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs is partly due to NF-kappaB activation, 2) inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by PDTC parallels regression of hypertrophy, and 3) regression of hypertrophy is partly due to inhibition of NF-kappaB activity, independent of hypertension. The relationship between NF-kappaB activity and cardiac remodeling is causal, not coincidental.
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PMID:Inhibition of NF-kappaB induces regression of cardiac hypertrophy, independent of blood pressure control, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1596 73

Compelling evidence has emerged pointing to the interaction of oxidative stress and renal interstitial inflammation and their mutual contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertension in experimental animals. Renal interstitial inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is accompanied by and largely due to activation of redox-sensitive, proinflammatory nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Therefore, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term inhibition of NF-kappaB, beginning early in the course of the disease, may attenuate renal interstitial inflammation and hypertension in SHR. To this end, we administered the reputed NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (100 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally) to SHR from 7 to 25 weeks of age and compared the results with vehicle-treated SHR. Vehicle-treated and PDTC-treated Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats served as controls. The untreated SHR exhibited a significant rise in arterial pressure; increased NF-kappaB activation, elevated intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and in situ mRNA macrophage chemoattractant molecule-1 (MCP-1) expressions; and interstitial accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and angiotensin-II-positive cells. PDTC administration prevented the rise in blood pressure, and normalized renal cortical NF-kappaB activity as well as ICAM-1 and MCP-1 expressions. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in infiltration of immune cells, angiotensin II-expressing cells, and renal tissue malondialdehyde content to values that matched those found in the control WKY rats. Results suggest that NF-kappaB-driven intrarenal inflammatory reactivity play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the SHR.
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PMID:Early and sustained inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB prevents hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1595 2


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