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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparative ultrastructural study of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons that innervated the superior cervical ganglion (SPN-scg) was made between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. After injection of choleragen subunit-B horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion, three types of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons were identified according to their ultrastructural features. In both SHR and WKY rats, the neurons in the autonomic region of T1-T3 segments of the spinal cord showed a characteristic distribution pattern in which the Type I neurons were located more laterally in n. intermediolateralis pars funicularistic (ILf), and n. intermediolateralis pars principalis (ILp), Type III neurons more medially in n. intercalatus spinalis (IC), n. intercalatus pars paraependymalis (ICpe) and Type II neurons in n. intermediolateralis pars principalis (Ilp) as well as in n. intercalatus spinalis (IC). Of the three types of neurons, there was not noticeable ultrastructural difference in Type II and Type III neurons between the SHR and WKY rats. Some differences, however, were observed in Type I neurons between the two animals stains. In SHR, the nucleus of Type I neurons displayed many deep indentations and a greater number of profiles of Golgi apparatus. Three types of the axon terminal were found to make synaptic contacts with the labelled Type I neurons. Some proportional changes of the different axon terminals were observed between those of SHR and WKY rats. The results of this study suggest that the suppressive effect on the activity of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in SHR may be attenuated which would result in an unbalanced activities of some of neurotransmitters on the sympathetic preganglionic neurons thereby leading to the onset of hypertension. The increase in the number of nuclear indentations and an increased activity in the Golgi complex may reflect an increase in the synthesis of some of the neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the sympathetic preganglionic neurons or their axon terminals. The characteristic distribution patterns of the three types of neurons suggest that, of the three types of SPN-scg, only the Type I neurons may be implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.
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PMID:An ultrastructural study of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons that innervate the superior cervical ganglion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. 756 Sep 13

Previous evidence has shown that rats with spontaneous hypertension have on average about twice as many circulating leukocytes in comparison with their normotensive counterparts, the Wistar-Kyoto rats. Since such high levels of leukocytes may increase the risk for vascular complications for hypertensive animals, it is useful to ascertain whether a comparable derangement is present in other forms of hypertension. The present study deals with the properties of the circulating leukocytes in rats exhibiting another form of experimental hypertension; Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) hypertensive rats were compared with Dahl salt-resistant (Dahl-R) control rats. Measurements were performed to determine the following: circulating hematocrit levels, leukocyte counts, differential counts, number of activated leukocytes (by means of nitro blue tetrazolium [NBT] reduction), leukocyte adhesion in vitro and neutrophil CD-18 expression, alkaline phosphatase activity in individual neutrophils and in the plasma, and myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils. The experimental cohort consisted of Dahl-S and Dahl-R rats maintained for a 6-week period on a 6% NaCl diet. The results show a highly significant elevation in the number of total leukocytes, neutrophil and monocyte counts, and NBT-positive neutrophils and monocytes in Dahl-S but not Dahl-R rats. There was a significant loss of alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase activity in the neutrophils of the salt-treated Dahl-S rats but not in the neutrophils of the untreated Dahl-S or Dahl-R rats. No significant differences were found in neutrophil adhesion under in vitro test conditions between the two strains maintained on the salt diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Circulating leukocyte counts, activation, and degranulation in Dahl hypertensive rats. 783 39

A 35-years old female with Jordans' anomaly was reported. She had been treated for diabetes mellitus and hypertension at another hospital. She was admitted to our hospital for operation for diabetic retinopathy on July 9, 1992. Wright-Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear revealed multiple vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the granulocytes and monocytes. Histochemical studies of these vacuoles showed positive for Sudan III but negative for peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and PAS staining. Electron microscopic examination revealed that lipid containing vacuoles had no clear membrane and were not associated with cell organelles. Laboratory findings of the serum showed hyperglycemia (FBS 188mg/dl), high HbA1c level (9.4%) and mild type IIa hyperlipidemia. Abdominal sonogram and abdominal CT showed no remarkable abnormalities except for mild fatty liver. Her elder sister and daughter had similar morphological findings in granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes.
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PMID:[A case of Jordans' anomaly]. 786 17

A state of the anti-oxidation system in blood and the rate of lipid peroxidation were studied in patients with hypertension. High sensitivity of the anti-oxidation system enzymes to alterations in the diet fat composition was detected in the patients, nutrition of whom was evaluated in detail. Excessive doses of alpha-tocopherol, added to the diet enriched with omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids normalized lipid peroxidation and stabilized the enzyme activity involved in the anti-oxidation system. The integral parameter, proposed for evaluation of the anti-oxidation protection state and designated as "anti-oxidation index" involved estimation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities as well as of content of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates in erythrocytes.
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PMID:[The antioxidant defense system in hypertension patients on a diet enriched with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol]. 807 43

Protamine reversal of heparin anticoagulation can cause catastrophic pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypotension, and hypoxemia. This reaction is thought to be associated with pulmonary sequestration of activated neutrophils. To examine whether this reaction could be prevented by blocking neutrophil activation with NPC 15669 (N-(9H-(2,7-dimethylfluorenyl-9-methoxy)carbonyl)-L-leucine), an inhibitor of Mac-1 adhesion molecule up-regulation, we gave 12 piglets a heparin bolus (300 IU/kg i.v.) followed by protamine (3 mg/kg i.v. over 90 sec) 15 min later. Six of the piglets received NPC 15669 (10 mg/kg i.v. bolus, then 6 mg/kg/hr i.v. infusion) 15 min before the heparin bolus. Two minutes after protamine administration, CD18 (beta-subunit of Mac-1) expression measured by immunofluorescence flow cytometry increased 128 +/- 9% (mean +/- SEM) over preprotamine levels in control piglets but remained unchanged in NPC piglets (99 +/- 2%, P < 0.05). Fifteen minutes after protamine, lung myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil degranulation, was significantly lower in the NPC group (87.83 +/- 10.04 versus 57.23 +/- 2.59 mumol/10 mg; P < 0.005). NPC 15669 also prevented postreversal pulmonary artery hypertension (158 +/- 30, 150 +/- 20, and 140 +/- 13 versus 91 +/- 7, 91 +/- 18, and 85 +/- 9% preprotamine at Minutes 2, 5, and 10; P < 0.05). Systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, and circulating neutrophil counts were not different between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neutrophil activation mediates protamine-induced pulmonary hypertension. 810 32

Using a newly devised model of dural sinus occlusion, we investigated the pathophysiology of venous haemorrhage as well as venous circulatory disturbance. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and diploic veins (DV) were occluded in 16 cats. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured for 12 hours after the occlusion. At the end of the experiment, cerebral water content was estimated. In another 8 cats additional occlusions of cortical veins were carried out. In both groups, the blood-brain barrier permeability was evaluated with Evans blue or horseradish peroxidase. The SSS and DV occlusion produced a significant increase in ICP and CBV concomitant with a significant decrease in rCBF. Cerebral water content also increased significantly. However, there was no transition of Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase through the cerebral vessels, and no haemorrhages could be observed. In contrast, the additional occlusion of cortical veins produced haemorrhagic infarctions with Evans blue extravasation in 6 out of the 8 cats. These data suggest that dural sinus occlusion may lead to an increase in CBV and cerebral water content resulting in intracranial hypertension and decreased rCBF. The brain oedema in this model seemed to be mainly hydrostatic oedema, and might also be contributed by cytotoxic oedema. The additional occlusion of cortical veins might be essential in the development of haemorrhage in this model, and the blood-brain barrier was also disrupted in these areas.
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PMID:Experimental study of venous circulatory disturbance by dural sinus occlusion. 830 57

Although the etiology of hypertension-related organ damage remains poorly understood, it has recently been proposed that activated and adherent leukocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of progressive organ injury in hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether the adherence and emigration of leukocytes in microvessels differ between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Leukocyte adherence, rolling, and emigration as well as vessel diameter and erythrocyte velocity were monitored in mesenteric venules of age-matched normotensive and hypertensive rats. Measurements were obtained under baseline conditions and during superfusion of the mesentery with either platelet activating factor, leukotriene B4, or NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Tissue-associated myeloperoxidase activity, an index of the total tissue granulocyte population, was measured in various tissues of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Systemic arterial pressure and the circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte count were elevated in hypertensive relative to normotensive rats. The number of adherent and emigrated leukocytes under baseline conditions did not differ between normotensive and hypertensive rats. Although the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor caused a similar rise in leukocyte adherence and emigration in both rat strains, the adhesive interactions elicited by either platelet activating factor or leukotriene B4 were significantly blunted in hypertensive relative to normotensive rats. Flow cytometric analysis of whole-blood samples revealed a lower surface expression of CD11b/CD18 on leukocytes from hypertensive rats under stimulated conditions. Myeloperoxidase activity in mesentery and small and large intestine was low, whereas lung, spleen, and stomach values were high in hypertensive compared with normotensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypertension 1993 May
PMID:Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. 838 61

We studied the relative synthetic phase (S-phase) ratio of cardiac myocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) utilizing monoclonal antibody to 5-bromo 2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a halogen derivative of thymidine. BrdU was administered intraperitoneally to SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats at 66.7 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days. The rats were sacrificed 1 week after the first injection of BrdU. Using anti-BrdU antibody, myocardial tissue was stained by the avidin biotinylated peroxidase complex method. We assessed the ability of the nuclei to synthesize DNA. The percentage of BrdU-labeled myocytes was higher in SHR than in control rats at 9 weeks. The hyperplastic phase of heart growth in rats was presumed to occur about 3 weeks after birth. From these results, the ability of the myocardial cell to synthesize DNA is probably enhanced under the load of high blood pressure in the early hypertrophic phase following hyperplasia.
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PMID:Sequence in DNA synthetic phase ratio of spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) myocardium--study on development of cardiomegaly. 851 Mar 14

The role of the cytoskeletal elements, microfilaments and microtubules in cerebral endothelial permeability to protein during steady states was investigated by studies of cerebrovascular permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in rats pretreated with cytochalasin B or colchicine, agents known to disrupt microfilaments and microtubules, respectively. In addition, the effect of colchicine pretreatment on the alterations in cerebrovascular permeability that occur in acute hypertension were studied. Rats infused with cytochalasin B showed increased cerebrovascular permeability to HRP in multifocal areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Most of the permeable vessels were arterioles; however, capillaries and venules also showed increased permeability. Ultrastructural studies of permeable vessels showed HRP in all layers of vessel walls and in endothelial and smooth muscle cell pinocytotic vesicles, which were increased in number. Although segments of interendothelial spaces were labeled by tracer, continuous labeling of interendothelial spaces from the luminal to the abluminal end was not seen and tight junctions were not disrupted. Normotensive rats pretreated with colchicine showed no alteration in cerebrovascular permeability to HRP. Colchicine pretreatment attenuated the permeability alterations that were observed in acutely hypertensive rats. This study demonstrates that integrity of endothelial actin filaments is important for maintenance of the blood-brain barrier to protein during steady states since increased permeability occurred in the presence of an actin disrupting agent. The microtubular network had no demonstrable role during steady states; however, disruption of the microtubular network had a protective effect and prevented the development of alterations in permeability to protein in acute hypertension.
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PMID:Role of the endothelial cytoskeleton in blood-brain-barrier permeability to protein. 856 Sep 77

This study examined the early microvascular and neuronal consequences of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in piglets. We hypothesized that early morphological changes occur after cardiac arrest and reperfusion, and that these findings are partly caused by post-resuscitation hypertension. Three groups of normothermic piglets (37.5 degrees - 38.5 degrees C) were investigated: group 1, non-ischemic time controls; group 2, piglets undergoing 8 min of cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation, 6 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and 4 h of reperfusion; and group 3, non-ischemic hypertensive controls, receiving 6 min of CPR after only 10 s of cardiac arrest followed by 4-h survival. Immediately following resuscitation, acute hypertension occurred with peak systolic pressure equal to 197 +/- 15 mm Hg usually lasting less than 10 min. In reacted vibratome sections, isolated foci of extravasated horseradish peroxidase were noted throughout the brain within surface cortical layers and around penetrating vessels in group 2. Stained plastic sections of leaky sites demonstrated variable degrees of tissue injury. While many sections were unremarkable except for luminal red blood cells and leukocytes, other specimens contained abnormal neurons, some appearing irreversibly injured. The number of vessels containing leukocytes was higher in group 2 than in controls (3.8 +/- 0.6% vs 1.4 +/- 0.4% of vessels, P < 0.05). Evidence for irreversible neuronal injury was only seen in group 2. Endothelial vacuolization was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1 (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural examination of leaky sites identified mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes adhering to the endothelium of venules and capillaries only in group 2. The early appearance of luminal leukocytes in ischemic animals indicates that these cells may contribute to the genesis of ischemia reperfusion injury in this model. In both groups 2 and 3 endothelial cells demonstrated vacuolation and luminal discontinuities with evidence of perivascular astrocytic swelling. Widespread microvascular and neuronal damage is present as early as 4 h after cardiac arrest in infant piglets. Hypertension appears to play a role in the production of some of the endothelial changes.
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PMID:Early endothelial damage and leukocyte accumulation in piglet brains following cardiac arrest. 889 Oct 77


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