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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The potential role of natural antioxidants (vitamin C--ascorbic acid, vitamin E--tocopherols, carotenoids and selenium) in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases is reviewed. It is probable that free oxygen radicals and oxidatively modified particles of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) participate in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. A great number of experimental, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies found a substantial increase of the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke in individuals and populations with low intake of antioxidants from diet. Extremely high cardiovascular mortality in Slovakia and other postcommunist countries could be only partially explained by "classical" risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking). In the communist European countries there was a high consumption of spirits, cigarettes and salt, polluted environment and low consumption of the chief source of antioxidants--fruits. In these countries emphasis should be given to the prevention of antioxidant deficiencies by the increase of fruit and vegetable consumption, and to the decrease in salt, spirit, cigarettes and saturated fat consumption.
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PMID:[The role of antioxidants in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases]. 781 21

Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Free radical oxidative damage has been implicated in the atherogenic process. We measured levels of the antioxidants uric acid, thiols, vitamins C, A and E as well as the total antioxidant capacity in 21 normotensive controls, 22 patients whose hypertension was controlled on drugs and 30 patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Mean BPs in the groups were 125/76, 132/80 and 181/98 mmHg, respectively. When compared with controls, both hypertensive groups had significantly lower serum ascorbic acid (54 +/- 5 vs. 37 +/- 6 vs. 38 +/- 5 mumol/l, P < 0.05) and albumin-corrected thiol levels (9.91 +/- 0.18 vs. 8.69 +/- 0.20 vs. 8.92 +/- 0.19 mumol/g, P < 0.05). The levels of the other antioxidants did not differ significantly between the groups. Levels of von Willebrand factor, a marker of endothelial damage, were correlated with SBP but not with antioxidant status. We conclude that hypertensive subjects have lower levels of the antioxidants vitamin C and thiols and this may reflect greater oxidative consumption. The implications for atherogenesis and endothelial function and integrity in hypertension are discussed.
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PMID:Antioxidant status in controlled and uncontrolled hypertension and its relationship to endothelial damage. 785 28

1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high omega-3 (19% menhaden oil, 1% corn oil) or high omega-6 (20% corn oil) fatty acid diets would decrease expression of hypertension in the female spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), promote tumourigenesis in the rat 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model of mammary cancer or increase the susceptibility of the mammary gland to lipid peroxidation. A group of rats on a 5% corn oil diet served as the low fat control group. 2. We found that the high omega-3 and high omega-6 fatty acid diets did not significantly decrease mean arterial pressure. Marked differences occurred between the effects of omega-3 and omega-6 high fatty acid diets on baseline oxidation, auto-oxidation and iron-ascorbate catalyzed oxidation. The omega-3 diet showed 675% increase in basal oxidation, a 2624% increase in auto-oxidation and a 4244% increase in iron-ascorbate catalyzed oxidation compared to the omega-6 diet in mammary tissue homogenates. Although all rats were given 5 mg DMBA (i.g.), no mammary tumours were observed in any of the dietary groups. 3. We conclude that: (i) high polyunsaturated fatty acid diets do not decrease blood pressure in the female SHR; (ii) high fish oil diet markedly increases oxidative potential in the mammary gland; and (iii) the female SHR is resistant to DMBA-induced tumourigenesis.
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PMID:High fish oil diet increases oxidative stress potential in mammary gland of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 788 79

Cerebrovascular infarction is the third leading cause of mortality following coronary heart disease and malignancies. WHO studies show that more than half of patients admitted for cerebrovascular infarction were not treated for hypertension. The risk factors for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular infarction are not identical. Patients with systolic and diastolic hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stenosis of the carotid artery, and smoking, have a significantly elevated risk for cerebrovascular accidents. Hypercholesterolemia and diabetes are less important risk factors. Risk factors amendable by adequate nutritional intake are low supply of carotene and vitamin C. Homocysteineemia appears to be a risk factor that may be influenced by appropriate nutrition. Antihypertensive therapy is the most important primary and secondary preventive measure. No smoking and adequate dietary intake are also important. Primary prevention with low dose salicylic acid (ASA) is recommended in the presence of additional cardiovascular risk factors. The benefit of low dose anticoagulant therapy in atrial fibrillation without symptoms is not fully established. In subjects with atrial fibrillation with cerebrovascular events anticoagulants are superior to ASA. Surgical treatment of significant stenosis of the carotid artery is indicated. In secondary prevention of thromboembolic events, low dose ASA is recommended. A valuable alternative in case of side effects is available in ticlopidine.
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PMID:[Prevention of cerebrovascular insults]. 797 32

Complementary epidemiological studies consistently reveal a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at suboptimal plasma levels of essential antioxidants in comparison with optimum ranges of vitamin C (> 50 mumol/l), of lipid-standardized vitamin E (> 30 mumol/l or a tocopherol/cholesterol ratio > 5.2 mumol/mmol), beta-carotene (> 0.4 mumol/l). The poor level of any single essential antioxidant can increase the risk, and the combination of suboptimal levels has additive or even overmultiplicative effects on the risk for CVD. Suboptimal antioxidant levels are stronger predictors of the severalfold regional differences of CVD in Europe than classical risk factor such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, etc. Scotsmen and Fins tend to suboptimal levels of essential antioxidants, whereas German-speaking regions may mostly reveal a fair vitamin E status, but at least one out of four subjects can reveal suboptimal levels of vitamin C and carotene, particularly in smokers. This deficit can be avoided by 'prudent diets' rich in fruits and vegetables as practiced by Frenchmen, Italians and Spaniards. The simultaneous correction of all suboptimal antioxidant levels appears to be a promising new means for CVD prevention, particularly in the northern parts of Europe. In the USA the risk of CVD could substantially be reduced without dietary modifications by voluntary daily supplements as follows: vitamin C > 140 mg, vitamin E > 100 IU (100 mg d,l- or 74 mg d-alpha-tocopherylacetate), and in current smokers by gamma-carotene > 8.6 mg. Hence, these antioxidants may be crucial constituents of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which are by consensus associated with a lower risk of premature death from CVD (and cancer as well).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Essential antioxidants in cardiovascular diseases--lessons for Europe]. 807 84

The evidence that treatment of hypertension prevents stroke is incontrovertible. Several observations, however, suggest that improvements in the prevalence of antihypertensive treatment cannot explain all of the recent decline in stroke mortality. Changes in nutritional patterns may explain some of the observed decline. Prospective studies have demonstrated conclusively an independent, increasing risk of hemorrhagic, but not thrombotic, stroke at higher levels of alcohol use. Stroke mortality is associated inversely with fat and protein intake. Dietary sodium has been linked to stroke in ecologic studies but not in prospective studies. Ecologic studies have suggested that foods high in vitamin C and potassium protect against stroke; an inverse association of potassium intake with fatal stroke has been demonstrated in cohort studies. Two studies in humans also suggest a protective effect of serum selenium against subsequent stroke. Determination of the influence of nutrients on stroke incidence offers tantalizing opportunities for future research and possibly, intervention.
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PMID:The decline in stroke mortality. An epidemiologic perspective. 816 40

Oxidation of lipoproteins is hypothesized to promote atherosclerosis and, thus, a high intake of antioxidant nutrients may protect against coronary heart disease. The relation between the intakes of dietary carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E and the subsequent coronary mortality was studied in a cohort of 5,133 Finnish men and women aged 30-69 years and initially free from heart disease. Food consumption was estimated by the dietary history method covering the total habitual diet during the previous year. Altogether, 244 new fatal coronary heart disease cases occurred during a mean follow-up of 14 years beginning in 1966-1972. An inverse association was observed between dietary vitamin E intake and coronary mortality in both men and women with relative risks of 0.68 (p for trend = 0.01) and 0.35 (p for trend < 0.01), respectively, between the highest and lowest tertiles of the intake. Similar associations were observed for the dietary intake of vitamin C and carotenoids among women and for the intake of important food sources of these micronutrients, i.e., of vegetables and fruits, among both men and women. The associations were not attributable to confounding by major nondietary risk factors of coronary heart disease, i.e., age, smoking, serum cholesterol, hypertension, or relative weight. The results support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins protect against coronary heart disease, but it cannot be excluded that foods rich in these micronutrients also contain other constituents that provide the protection.
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PMID:Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. 820 76

The effects of nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds on human health are reviewed. Special emphasis has been placed on the role of these compounds on infant methemoglobinemia and gastric cancer. The discussion on methemoglobinemia includes the source of nitrate or nitrite, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and the contributions of age, gastric pH, gastrointestinal illness, and ingestion of vitamin C to this illness. The maternal transfer of these compounds and the potential effect on fetal death and malformation are also described. The etiology and development of gastric cancer is reviewed as well as the roles of nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds in this disease. Endogenous nitrosation and the experimental and epidemiologic evidence linking these compounds to gastric cancer is examined. Other sections include adult methemoglobinemia and acute toxicity, hypo- and hypertension, Balkan nephropathy, slowing of motor reflexes in children, nitrate esters dependence. Sources of nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds are detailed. Future areas of research are given.
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PMID:The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on human health: a review. 830 22

Ischaemic heart disease remains a major cause of mortality in developed countries. A number of important risk factors for the development of coronary atherosclerosis have been identified including hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, insulin resistance and smoking. However, these factors can only partly explain variations in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease either between populations or within populations over time. In addition, population interventions based upon these factors have had little impact in the primary prevention of heart disease. Recent evidence suggests that one of the important mechanisms predisposing to the development of atherosclerosis is oxidation of the cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein particle. This modification accelerates its uptake into macrophages, thereby leading to the formation of the cholesterol-laden 'foam cell'. In vitro, low-density lipoprotein oxidation can be prevented by naturally occurring anti-oxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene. This article explores the evidence that these dietary anti-oxidants may influence the rate of progression of coronary atherosclerosis in vivo and discusses the need for formal clinical trials of anti-oxidant therapy.
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PMID:Can anti-oxidants prevent ischaemic heart disease? 845 85

To determine whether geographic variability in rates of kidney stones in the United States was attributable to differences in personal and environmental exposures, the authors examined cross-sectional data that included information on self-reported, physician-diagnosed kidney stones collected from 1,167,009 men and women, aged > or = 30 years, recruited nationally in 1982. Information on risk factors for stones including age, race, education, body mass, hypertension, and diuretic and vitamin C supplement use was obtained by self administered questionnaire. Consumption of milk, coffee, tea, soft drinks, and alcohol was based on food frequency data. Indices of ambient temperature and sunlight level were assigned to subjects based on state of residence. Stones were nearly twice as prevalent in the Southeast as in the Northwest among men and women. Ambient temperature and sunlight indices were independently associated with stones prevalence after controlling for other risk factors for stones. Regional variation was eliminated for men and greatly reduced for women after adjustment for temperature, sunlight, and beverage consumption. Other factors appeared to not contribute to regional variation. These results provide evidence that ambient temperature and sunlight levels are important risk factors for stones and that differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages may contribute to geographic variability.
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PMID:Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones. 861 Jun 64


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