UMLS:C0020538 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Target Concepts:

Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of peripheral arterial disease are reviewed. Peripheral arterial disease is characterized by a gradual reduction in blood flow to one or more limbs secondary to atherosclerosis. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The most common clinical manifestation is intermittent claudication. The prevalence of intermittent claudication in people over the age of 50 is 2-7% for men and 1-2% for women. The ankle:brachial pressure index (ABPI) is a useful measure of disease severity; an ABPI of 0.5-0.9 is common in intermittent claudication. The goals of therapy are to relieve or reduce ischemic symptoms, alleviate disability, improve in functional capacity, prevent progression that may result in gangrene and limb loss, and prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Treatment includes risk-factor modification, drug therapy (primarily with antiplatelet agents), and revascularization procedures. Aspirin has been shown to be effective in reducing the associated risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Ticlopidine appears to be a reasonable alternative for patients who are hypersensitive to aspirin. Clopidogrel has been shown to be more effective than aspirin in patients with recent myocardial infarction, recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease. There is controversy over the appropriate treatment for acute arterial occlusions. Risk-factor modification and antiplatelet drugs are the mainstays of therapy for patients with intermittent claudication, the most common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease.
...
PMID:Management of peripheral arterial disease. 978 99

The safety and pharmacodynamic compatibility of clopidogrel with medications commonly used in patients with atherosclerosis, such as, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (atenolol) and a calcium uptake inhibitor (nifedipine) were assessed. Atenolol and nifedipine interactions with clopidogrel were studied in patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease taking a well-established regimen of nifedipine (N group of 6 patients) and in patients with coronary artery disease taking a well-established regimen of either atenolol (A group of 8 patients) or of atenolol and nifedipine (AN group of 8 patients). The study was conducted as a double-blind, randomized, crossover comparison of clopidogrel, 75 mg once daily, and placebo treatment for 7 days, with a 14-day washout between treatments. Pharmacodynamic interactions between atenolol and nifedipine, either alone or in combination, and clopidogrel were assessed primarily on the clinical control of angina or hypertension and, secondarily, by comparing the extent of inhibition of ADP (5 microM)-induced platelet aggregation achieved between the 3 groups. The mean number of anginal episodes per patient during the placebo week was 1.50, 9.0 and 11.5 in the A, N and AN groups, respectively; during the week of clopidogrel treatment, it was 1.39, 7.3 and 9.0, respectively, indicating no change in occurrence. Likewise, review of the use of nitrates (long or short acting) did not suggest any major change in usage during any period of the study. ECGs did not change between the three recording times (at screening and at the end of each treatment period). Vital signs were also unchanged throughout. Percent inhibition of platelet aggregation on day 7 was 31% in the N group, 39% in the A group, 28% in the AN group, and 33% overall. In conclusion, the coadministration of clopidogrel did not interfere with the clinical control of hypertension or angina established with atenolol or nifedipine, or both. Clopidogrel retained its full antiplatelet effect, and there were no safety problems caused by the coadministration.
...
PMID:Clopidogrel compatibility with concomitant cardiac co-medications: a study of its interactions with a beta-blocker and a calcium uptake antagonist. 1044 Apr 25

Older individuals (subjects aged >65 years) largely contribute to the percentage deaths due to myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is also higher >65 years old patients. However, the risk of bleeding complications in patients on antithrombotic drugs increases with age and with clinical conditions, as cognitive/psychiatric diseases, traumas, hypertension, poor compliance with medications, common in the elderly. Thus the risk-benefit ratio of antithrombotics should be carefully evaluated in older individuals. To prevent the risk and the recurrence of ischemic stroke and MI in the older patients with stable/ unstable angina, MI, TIA/stroke or peripheral arterial disease, antiplatelet drugs are of choice. Aspirin is the most widely used antiplatelet drug. Clopidogrel is safer and more effective than aspirin in this respect. The combination of heparin and aspirin is the treatment of choice for unstable angina and non-Q wave MI, also in the elderly. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) proved to be as effective as standard heparin in this indication. In the absence of contraindications, thrombolysis for treatment of acute MI may be considered in the elderly. For the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), intravenous standard heparin, subcutaneous standard heparin or LMWHs are effective. Because of the limited risk/benefit ratio, thrombolytic agents are not recommended for treating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the elderly. They should be limited to young patients and to patients with massive pulmonary embolism (PE). For chronic treatment of VTE, warfarin is the treatment of choice (INR 2.0-3.0), also in the elderly. Because of hypersensitivity to oral anticoagulants, lower dosages of warfarin are needed in the old patient. As to prophylaxis of VTE in surgery, in subjects at low-moderate risk, or in medical patients, low-dose heparin or low-dose LMWHs are effective. As to prophylaxis of VTE in surgery in subjects at high risk, adjusted-dose heparin or high-dose LMWHs are recommended. Finally, as to prevention of stroke in patients older than 75 with atrial fibrillation (AF), warfarin is of choice.
...
PMID:The use of antithrombotic drugs in older people. 1185 Jun 11

Treatment of acute coronary syndrome is under rapid progress. Nevertheless, the early complication rate remains high. Standard antithrombotic treatment is Aspirin 100 mg/d. Patients with elevated risk should be treated with Aspirin and Clopidogrel if primary invasive strategy ist not intended. Independent of the cholesterol level, statins should be given in the early phase of acute coronary syndrome. Dose adaptation is recommended after three months corresponding to the national guidelines. Mainly in diabetes mellitus, additional treatment with an ACE inhibitor lowers the overall cardiovascular risk also in patients without arterial hypertension or congestive heart failure. Six months after the acute event, risk stratification should be adapted.
...
PMID:[Secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome--role of modern drug therapy]. 1188 56

Antiplatelet drugs have an established place in the prevention of vascular events in a variety of clinical conditions, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. Both European and American guidelines recommend the use of antiplatelet drugs in patients with established coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic disease. In high-risk patients, such as those with post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, and in patients with stable or unstable angina, peripheral arterial occlusive disease or atrial fibrillation, antiplatelet treatment may reduce the risk of a serious cardiovascular event by approximately 25%, including reduction of non-fatal myocardial infarction by 1/6, non-fatal stroke by 1/4 and cardiovascular death by 1/6. Some data indicate that antiplatelet drugs may also have a role in primary prevention. In people who are aged over 65 years, or have hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, obesity or familial history of myocardial infarction at young age, aspirin may reduce both cardiovascular deaths and total cardiovascular events. Aspirin has been studied and used most extensively. It may exert its beneficial effect not only by acting on platelets, but also by other mechanisms, such as preventing thromboxane A2 (TXA2)-induced vasoconstriction or reducing inflammation. Indeed, experimental data show that low-dose aspirin may suppress vascular inflammation and thereby increase the stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Moreover, in human studies, aspirin seems to be most effective in those with elevated C-reactive protein levels. Vascular events, however, do occur despite aspirin administration. This may be due to platelet activation by pathways not blocked by aspirin, intake of drugs that interfere with aspirin effect or aspirin resistance. In the CAPRIE (Clopidogrel vs. Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic Events) study, long-term clopidogrel administered to patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease was more effective than aspirin in reducing the combined risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction or vascular death. In the setting of coronary stenting, a double regimen including aspirin and ticlopidine or clopidogrel has proved more effective in the prevention of in-stent thrombosis than aspirin alone. Chronic oral administration of the inhibitors of platelet membrane receptor GP IIb/IIIa has been largely disappointing.
...
PMID:Role of antiplatelet drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular events. 1459 62

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the US. Primary prevention of stroke can be achieved by control of risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated cholesterol levels and smoking. Approximately one-third of all ischaemic strokes occur in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The mainstay of secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke is the addition of medical therapy with antithrombotic agents to control the risk factors for stroke. Antithrombotic therapy is associated with significant medical complications, particularly bleeding.Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been shown to be as effective as high-dose aspirin in the prevention of stroke, with fewer adverse bleeding events. Aspirin has been shown to be as effective as warfarin in the prevention of noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke, with significantly fewer bleeding complications. Ticlopidine may be more effective in preventing stroke than aspirin, but is associated with unacceptable haematological complications. Clopidogrel may have some benefit over aspirin in preventing myocardial infarction, but has not been shown to be superior to aspirin in the prevention of stroke. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin may be more effective than aspirin alone in acute coronary syndromes, but the incidence of adverse bleeding is significantly higher. Furthermore, the combination of aspirin with clopidogrel has not been shown to be more effective for prevention of recurrent stroke than clopidogrel alone, while the rate of bleeding complications was significantly higher with combination therapy. The combination of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole has been demonstrated to be more effective than aspirin alone, with the same rate of adverse bleeding complications as low-dose aspirin. When selecting the appropriate antithrombotic agent for secondary prevention of stroke, the adverse event profile of the drug must be taken into account when assessing the overall efficacy of the treatment plan.
...
PMID:Adverse effects and drug interactions of antithrombotic agents used in prevention of ischaemic stroke. 1573 10

To assess gender-based differences in presentation and outcome after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in clinical practice, this study examined data from the Acute Coronary Syndrome registry, which enrolled 16,817 patients from 2000 through the end of 2002, 6,358 of them with NSTEMIs (34.1% women). Women with NSTEMIs were 7.5 years older, had a history of myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft less often, and were less likely to have smoked. They more often had a history of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus, but this difference was due to their older age. Reperfusion therapy was performed less often in women, which still was significant after adjustment for baseline variables (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.80). Clopidogrel was given less often in women (43.4% vs 56%). After adjustment for age, gender differences in medical therapy with statins, aspirin, and beta blockers were not significant. Hospital mortality was 1.7 times greater in women. This difference was not significant after adjustment for age (odds ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.35). Women had greater crude long-term mortality, but after age adjustment, this difference was no longer significant (odds ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 1.11). In conclusion, women with NSTEMIs were older than men and thus more often had concomitant diseases but less often had a history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafts. They less often received acute percutaneous coronary intervention and less often were treated with clopidogrel. However, there was no difference in age-adjusted mortality in women.
...
PMID:Gender differences in acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. 1682 85

Diabetes mellitus affects about 8% of the adult population. The estimated number of patients with diabetes, presently about 170 million people, is expected to increase by 50-70% within the next 25 years. Diabetes is an important component of the complex of 'common' cardiovascular risk factors, and is responsible for acceleration and worsening of atherothrombosis. Major cardiovascular events cause about 80% of the total mortality in diabetic patients. Diabetes also induces peculiar microangiopathic changes leading to diabetic nephropathy conducive to end-stage renal failure, and to diabetic retinopathy that may progress to vision loss and blindness. In terms of major cardiovascular events, coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Peripheral arterial disease frequently occurs, and is more likely to be conducive to critical limb ischaemia and amputation than in the absence of diabetes. Although there are a number of differences in the pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, these two entities often coexist and induce mutually worsening effects. Endothelial injury, dysfunction and damage are common starting points for both conditions. Causes of endothelial injury can be distinguished into those 'common' to nondiabetic atherothrombosis, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, hypercoagulability and platelet activation; and those more specific and in some cases 'unique' to diabetes and directly related to the metabolic derangement of the disease, such as (i) desulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the vascular matrix; (ii) formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and their endothelial receptors (RAGE); (iii) oxidative and reductive stress; (iv) decline in nitric oxide production; (v) activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS); and (vi) endothelial inflammation caused by glucose, insulin, insulin precursors and AGE/RAGE. Prevention of major cardiovascular events with the antithrombotic agent aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is widely recommended, but reportedly underutilised in patients with diabetes. However, some data suggest that aspirin may be less effective than expected in preventing cardiovascular events and especially mortality in patients with diabetes, as well as in slowing progression of retinopathy. In contrast, a recent study found picotamide, a direct thromboxane inhibitor, to be superior to aspirin in diabetic patients. Clopidogrel was either equivalent or less active in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients, depending upon different clinical settings.Recent studies have shown that some GAG compounds are able to reduce micro- and macroalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy, and hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy, but it is as yet unknown whether these agents also influence the natural history of microvascular complications of diabetes. Lifestyle changes and physical exercise are also essential in preventing cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Available data on the control of the metabolic state and the main risk factors show that careful adjustment of blood sugar and glycated haemoglobin is more effective in counteracting microvascular damage than in preventing major cardiovascular events. The latter objective requires a more comprehensive approach to the whole constellation of risk factors both specific for diabetes and common to atherothrombosis. This approach includes lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and smoking cessation and the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which are able to correct the lipid status and to prevent major cardiovascular events independently of the baseline lipidaemic or cardiovascular status. Tight control of hypertension is essential to reduce not only major cardiovascular events but also microvascular complications. Among antihypertensive measures, blockade of the RAAS by means of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists recently emerged as a potentially polyvalent approach, not only for treating hypertension and reducing cardiovascular events, but also to prevent or reduce albuminuria, counteract diabetic nephropathy and lower the occurrence of new type 2 diabetes in individuals at risk.
...
PMID:Approaches to prevention of cardiovascular complications and events in diabetes mellitus. 1748 45

Recurrent ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack are common problems in primary care, with stroke survivors averaging 10 outpatient visits per year. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia should be evaluated during each office visit. Attention should be given to lifestyle modification including management of obesity, smoking cessation, reduction in alcohol consumption, and promotion of physical activity. The choice of an antiplatelet agent (e.g., aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, dipyridamole) or the anticoagulant warfarin is based on the safety, tolerability, effectiveness, and price of each agent. Aspirin is a common first choice for prevention of recurrent stroke, but the combination of dipyridamole and aspirin should be considered for many patients because of its superior effectiveness in two clinical trials. Clopidogrel is recommended for patients with aspirin intolerance or allergy, or for those who cannot tolerate dipyridamole. Warfarin and the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel should not be used in the prevention of ischemic stroke. Carotid endarterectomy is appropriate for select patients; carotid stenting was recently shown to be less effective and less safe than endarterectomy.
...
PMID:Prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. 1770 38

Chronic ANG II infusions lead to increases in intrarenal ANG II levels, hypertension, and tissue injury. Increased blood pressure also elicits increases in renal interstitial fluid (RIF) ATP concentrations that stimulate cell proliferation. We evaluated the contribution of purinergic receptor activation to ANG II-induced renal injury in rats by treating with clopidogrel, a P2Y12 receptor blocker, or with PPADS, a nonselective P2 receptor blocker. alpha-Actin expression in mesangial cells, afferent arteriolar wall thickness (AAWT), cortical cell proliferation, and macrophage infiltration were used as early markers of renal injury. Clopidogrel and PPADS did not alter blood pressure, renin or kidney ANG II content. alpha-Actin expression increased from control of 0.6 +/- 0.4% of mesangial area to 6.3 +/- 1.9% in ANG II-infused rats and this response was prevented by clopidogrel (0.4 +/- 0.2%) and PPADS. The increase in AAWT from 4.7 +/- 0.1 to 6.0 +/- 0.1 mm in ANG II rats was also prevented by clopidogrel (4.8 +/- 0.1 mm) and PPADS. ANG II infusion led to interstitial macrophage infiltration (105 +/- 16 vs. 62 +/- 4 cell/mm(2)) and tubular proliferation (71 +/- 15 vs. 20 +/- 4 cell/mm(2)) and these effects were prevented by clopidogrel (52 +/- 4 and 36 +/- 3 cell/mm(2)) and PPADS. RIF ATP levels were higher in ANG II-infused rats than in control rats (11.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.6 nmol/l, P < 0.05). The results suggest that activation of vascular and glomerular purinergic P2 receptors may contribute to the mesangial cell transformation, renal inflammation, and vascular hypertrophy observed in ANG II-dependent hypertension.
...
PMID:Purinergic receptors contribute to early mesangial cell transformation and renal vessel hypertrophy during angiotensin II-induced hypertension. 1798 11

1 2 3 4 Next >>