Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ganglioplegia was produced by intravenous infusion of pentolinium tartrate 5 mg to control reflex hypertension in 29 patients with chronic spinal cord injuries undergoing 32 elective surgical procedures. The patient group with lesions above the first thoracic segment (T1) demonstrated significant but moderate intraoperative elevation of both systolic and diastolic pressure whether pentolinium was given prior to or during surgical stimulation. Patients with lesions below T1 had no significant pressure elevations with either mode of therapy. Pentolinium ganglioplegia can safely maintain blood pressure within reasonable limits in these patients; some increase in dosage may be required in patients with lesions above T1.
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PMID:Pentolinium for control of reflex hypertension in spinal cord injured patients. 43 65

1. Pentolinium tartrate (a ganglionic blocker) was injected in conscious rats during the early and late phases of two-kidney renal hypertension produced by aortic ligation. 2. In the early phase ( 5 days after aortic ligation), ganglionic blockade resulted in a decrease in blood pressure equal to that obtained in normotensive rats. Later, at days 12 and 40, for equally severe hypertension, ganglion blockade resulted in a greater decrease in blood pressure. 3. A 30 min infusion of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II during the pentolinium-induced nadir in blood pressure resulted in a further decrease in blood pressure at day 5. Later, at days 12 and 40, this effect was smaller. 4. A 300 min infusion of [Sar1, Ala8]angiotensin II normalized the blood pressure in hypertensive rats at day 40. This delay response may be secondary to a central effect of the antagonist, reducing neurogenic tone or peripheral antagonism of locally generated angiotensin II in the blood vessel walls. 5. At day 40, removal of the small left kidney resulted in a greater decrease in blood pressure. This suggests the presence of a renal factor other than renin in the chronic phase of this hypertension.
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PMID:Neurogenic activity--angiotensin II interaction during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension in the rat. 47 45

Autonomic hyperreflexia (AH) is a clinical syndrome associated with the development of severe hypertension. It usually occurs in patients with high-level chronic spinal cord injury, and in response to stimuli associated with the distension of a hollow viscus. Protection against AH by the prophylactic use of pentolinium tartrate (Ansolysen) in doses of 10-15 mg was evaluated in a controlled study of unanaesthetized patients who were either quadriplegic or paraplegic and who were undergoing rectal and bladder surgical procedures. When compared with the control group, the systolic and diastolic arterial pressures during operation were significantly less (P less than 0.05) and remained near normal in the pretreated patients. The use of pentolinium to prevent or control AH during surgical procedures in patients with chronic spinal cord damage is a simple alternative to spinal or general anaesthesia.
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PMID:Autonomic hyperreflexia: intraoperative control with pentolinium tartrate. 58 88

The mechanism by which clonidine suppresses renin secretion was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was controlled by means of an aortic clamp. Clonidine (30 microgram/kg, iv) lowered mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 124 +/- 8 to 104 +/- 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) to 32 +/- 4 percent of the control value (P less than 0.01) after 60 minutes. Ganglion blockade with pentolinium (3 mg/kg, im) decreased MAP from 148+/- 7 to 117 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and reduced PRA to 55 +/- 13 percent of the control value (P less than 0.05) after 45 minutes. Pentolinium converted the hypotension produced by clonidine to hypertension (108 +/- 9 to 146 +/- 10 mm Hg at 60 minutes, P less than 0.05) and abolished the suppression of PRA (105 +/- 14 percent of control at 60 minutes, P less than 0.05). In a further series of experiments, the effects of oxymetazoline, an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist which is closely related to clonidine but which does not cross the blood brain barrier, were studied. Oxymetazoline (10 microgram/kg, iv) increased MAP from 127 +/- 3 to 154 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and elevated PRA TO 176 +/- 22 percent of the control value (P less than 0.02) after 30 minutes. A higher dose of oxymetazoline (30 microgram/kg) increased MAP from 129 +/- 10 to 161 +/- 9 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and increased PRA to 256+/- 37 percent of control (P less than 0.05) after 30 minutes. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the inhibition of renin secretion by clonidine results from a centrally mediated decrease in sympathetic neural activity.
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PMID:Mechanism of suppression of renin secretion by clonidine in the dog. 62 Apr 41

The role of suprapontine areas in the acute maintenance of the hypertension in awake Doc-salt (4 weeks of treatment) or one-kidney, one clip (1K-1C) (4 weeks after clipping) rats was studied. Mean blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before (15 min) and after (2 hours) removing all brain tissues rostral to the pons. After this procedure no change in BP was found in normal or 1K-1C rats. In Doc-salt rats the BP falls (154 +/- 4 to 110 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.001). HR was increased in normal (351 +/- 10 to 446 +/- 20 beats/min; p less than 0.01) and in 1K-1C rats (350 +/- 10 to 485 +/- 12 beats/min; p less than 0.001). Clonidine injected into the cisterna magna in 1K-1C rats after suprapontine ablation lowered BP (146 +/- 6 to 118 +/- 11 mmHg; p less than 0.05) and HR (515 +/- 17 to 400 +/- 33; p less than 0.05). Pentolinium reduced BP after the suprapontine ablation in normal (116 +/- 4 to 63 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.001), Doc-salt (111 +/- 5 to 53 +/- 3; p less than 0.001) and 1K-1C rats (163 +/- 8 to 59 +/- 6 mmHg; p less than 0.001). These data suggest that suprapontine structures have an important role in the acute maintenance of Doc-salt hypertension. In 1K-1C rats the acute maintenance of hypertension depends on a sympathetic activity originated below the lesion.
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PMID:Suprapontine ablation in normal and Doc-salt or one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. 261 46

The acute effects of unilateral renal arterial stenosis on systemic and renal hemodynamics were studied in chronically instrumented, conscious dogs. Graded stenosis of one renal artery for 90 min produced graded increases in arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity and falls in contralateral renal blood flow and total peripheral conductance. There were no significant changes in cardiac output. The changes were transient after mild or moderate renal arterial stenosis but were sustained after severe stenosis. Pentolinium treatment did not significantly affect the hypertension or contralateral renal vasoconstriction caused by moderate or severe renal arterial stenosis. This indicates that the autonomic nervous system did not play a major role in the response to stenosis. In contrast, teprotide abolished the increases in arterial pressure, the contralateral renal vasoconstriction, and the fall in total peripheral conductance in response to stenosis. Thus the acute hypertension following unilateral renal arterial stenosis was due to a decrease in total peripheral conductance caused by decreased conductance of the stenotic kidney due to the stenosis itself (about 20%); vasoconstriction of the contralateral kidney (about 20%), and vasoconstriction of other systemic vasculature (about 60%). The results suggest that angiotensin II was responsible for the vasoconstriction of both the contralateral kidney and the other systemic vasculature.
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PMID:Systemic and renal hemodynamic changes during acute unilateral renal arterial stenosis. 406 72

A "bolus" dose (110 microgram) of the angiotesin II (A II)-blocker 1-Sar-8-Ala-A II (Saralasin, S) followed by its slow rate infusion (5 microgram/min/rat) for thirty min, was injected before and after the complete ganglionic blockade by pentolinium (P) in unanaesthetized unilaterally clipped renal hypertensive rats (the opposite kidney remained untouched). Pentolinium was also injected like a "bolus" dose (3 mg) followed by slow infusion (0.1 mg/min/rat) for thirty min. The observations were made until the fifth week after clipping the left renal artery. A consistent maximal hypotensive response was observed after the "bolus test" with both drugs. When S was the first drug injected, an inverse correlation was found between the percent decrease in arterial pressure (BP) by S and the percent decrease in BP by P (r = --0.83, P < 0.01, n = 8). Thus whenever a greater hypotensive effect was obtained by S, a smaller neural pressor component remained to be blocked by P. On the other hand, when P was the first drug injected a lesser A II pressor component remained to be blocked by S in the hypertensive rats. The results suggest that a considerable A II pressor effect in two-kidney renovascular hypertension is mediated via neurogenic mechanisms from the first week. A direct pressor vasoconstriction was found to be significant in cases with very high plasma-renin activity.
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PMID:Humoral and neurogenic factors in two-kidney renovascular hypertension. 615 37

Neurologic and abdominal complications can occur in the postoperative period of aortic coarctation repair, ischemia being the pathogenic factor most likely to be involved. This study was designed to evaluate the extent of the hemodynamic changes proximal and distal to the coarctation at the time of cross-clamping, as well as the effects of pentolinium and isoproterenol upon the hemodynamic changes. Included in the study were 17 patients with adult type coarctations who had dual hemodynamic monitoring. During cross-clamping, there was an increase in the gradient between proximal and distal pressures, with severe distal hypotension (< 50 mm Hg) occurring in six patients. Isoproterenol corrected the hypotension in five patients, but the sixth required a surgical shunt. Pentolinium was effective for the treatment of proximal hypertension; however, it also decreased distal pressure. The ligation of collateral vessels was associated with a decrease in distal pressures as well. During cross-clamping, pentolinium was useful for the management of proximal hypertension and isoproterenol increased the distal pressures in some of the patients who presented distal hypotension. However, because of the difficulties in predicting the individual response, their administration would be best guided by dual pressure monitoring. It is postulated that the recognition and proper treatment of distal hypotension may be an important factor in the prophylaxis of postoperative complications.
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PMID:Technical and pharmacologic management of distal hypotension during repair of coarctation of the aorta. 740 68