Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of synthesis drugs is the object of numerous written articles and TV programs in the last, decade. These synthesis drugs or "designer drugs", are well known for their ability to enhance, reinforce or appease social difficulties and relationships. In the research for empathetic and entactogenic relations one discover an obvious lack of communication and "warmth" in personal or professional relationship. An image of chemical "well being" has become a frequent stereotype of a society with an atrophying of performance and values while supposedly dedicating itself to individual performance. The youths are the first victims of these new drugs, the economical and social environment are the main reinforcing factors of this behaviour. The main characteristic of these drugs, is the non-recognition of their danger, some users go so far as to describe this category of substances as "drugs which are not drugs". As a characteristic, the use of a these synthesis drugs is almost recreative, during the week-end and holiday. The drug addiction is different than that of opiates or cocaine. One can observe some cases of real dependence--corresponding to the DSW IV criterion--when the personality of the users is the main characteristic (narcissic failure, immature personality, family and school problems). Many adverse effects--hypertension, kidney failure, psychoses--were declared. The mass-media has presented many articles concerning Ecstasy (MDMA). This is the most used drug during the rave parties. Its adverse effects are well known and proven. The authors would like to present other more recent synthesis drugs, also known as "analogs". These drugs, a kind of mixture between amphetamine-like (MDMA, MBDB, MDA) and misused medicines (ketamine, gamma OH, atropine) represent a real danger. GHB, 2 CB, HMB, are some of these recent substances. The possibility to procure them on the Web, or to produce them by oneself, add to their danger because of the lack of controls on toxicity and quality. The original danger signs were revealed by the FDA and currently a major preoccupation within french specialised services. The major problem for the practitionner is to inform the users, in order to prevent addiction and analyse the solutions.
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PMID:[New synthesis empathogenic agents]. 1059 16

The contexts of adherence for African Americans with high blood pressure African American men between the ages of 18 and 49 years have the lowest rates of awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure (HBP) of all age/race/gender groups in the United States. A qualitative study was done to gain an understanding of urban black males' experiences of living with HBP. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 black males. The interviews explored perceptions of health, health problems and priorities, and concerns of daily living that influenced appointment keeping and medication taking. The sample was a subset of 309 men participating in a 3-year clinical trial to improve HBP control in an inner city African-American population. Content analysis of transcribed interviews identified the following themes and related concerns: (a) personal contexts: meaning of health, high blood pressure and treatments; (b) social context: living as a young black male in an urban environment; and (c) cultural context of relating: patient-provider relationship can make a difference. Influencing participants' responses were: interpreting symptoms; adjusting medication taking; protecting personal privacy; allocating limited resources; dealing with addiction; and feeling cared for by a health care provider. Adherence appeared to be multifaceted and changing depending upon: the men's social, economic and personal circumstances; empathetic and non-judgemental assistance from providers; financial concerns and employment; and drug addiction. Findings are useful in refining high blood pressure interventions.
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PMID:The contexts of adherence for African Americans with high blood pressure. 1101

The effects of drug dependence on social systems has helped shape the generally held view that drug dependence is primarily a social problem, not a health problem. In turn, medical approaches to prevention and treatment are lacking. We examined evidence that drug (including alcohol) dependence is a chronic medical illness. A literature review compared the diagnoses, heritability, etiology (genetic and environmental factors), pathophysiology, and response to treatments (adherence and relapse) of drug dependence vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and asthma. Genetic heritability, personal choice, and environmental factors are comparably involved in the etiology and course of all of these disorders. Drug dependence produces significant and lasting changes in brain chemistry and function. Effective medications are available for treating nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence but not stimulant or marijuana dependence. Medication adherence and relapse rates are similar across these illnesses. Drug dependence generally has been treated as if it were an acute illness. Review results suggest that long-term care strategies of medication management and continued monitoring produce lasting benefits. Drug dependence should be insured, treated, and evaluated like other chronic illnesses. JAMA. 2000;284:1689-1695.
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PMID:Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. 1124 15

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common diseases of male sexual dysfunction. A cross-sectional study of 388 ED patients who attended six andrology and urology clinics in Jeddah for the first time was performed during a period of 3 months. ED was rated as mild (21% of patients), moderate (60%) or severe (19%), and was strongly associated with age. After adjusting for age, only lack of exercise, alcohol consumption and drug addiction were significantly associated with severity; hypertension, cardiac diseases and smoking were not. About two-thirds of the patients had poor quality of life; severe ED was the only significant predictor of this. Severe ED was not an indicator for co-morbidities.
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PMID:Effect of erectile dysfunction on quality of life. 1269 Jul 73

Work stress is caused by excessive demands which foster individuals to give prompt cognitive and behavioral answers. When these solicitations exceed the possibilities of the subject to comply, non-physiological reactions may follow, including emotional, neurovegetative and behavioral changes. If adverse stimuli persist, transient alterations form syndromes such as depression, phobic syndromes, anxiety syndromes, hypertension, heart disease, eating disorders, drug addiction, and so on. The authors examine specific stressful working areas causing illnesses in workers such as the burnout syndrome and the mobbing-related adjustment disorder or the post-traumatic stress disorder.
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PMID:[Emerging aspects of occupational stress]. 1276 62

There are now four types of opioid receptors. The new designations OP(1), OP(2) and OP(3) correspond, respectively, to the classic delta-, kappa- and micro-nomenclature. OP(4) was previously known as ORL(1), the receptor for the endogenous heptadecapeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ. Although the cellular effects of nociceptin resemble those of conventional OP(1), OP(2), and OP(3) opioid agonists, its effects on nociceptive processes are quite different. Nociceptin produces spinal analgesia but appears to antagonize the effects of opioids. Following the recent synthesis of the nonpeptide OP(4) agonist Ro-64-6198 by Hoffmann-La Roche and the nonpeptide OP(4) antagonist J-113397 by Banyu, the nociceptin-OP(4) system now represents a viable and intriguing new target for drug design. OP(4) agonists may be of use in the management of neuropathic pain, anxiety, anorexia, epilepsy, drug dependence, male impotence, hypertension, cerebral ischemia and neurogenic bladder. They may also serve as novel diuretics and to help to reduce gastrointestinal motility. OP(4) antagonists may be of use as general analgesics and in the improvement of memory function. This review covers the recent exciting progress in this field, compares the actions of OP(4) agonists and antagonists with those of classic opioids, and seeks to predict some of the untoward effects that may be seen with such drugs.
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PMID:The nociceptin receptor as a potential target in drug design. 1281 96

Clinical and experimental evidence suggest an involvement of dopamine systems, mainly the mesocorticolimbic one (MCL), in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, it remains to be ascertained whether the systems are hyper- or hypo-functioning, for the implications of the functional state. Indeed, differential functional states of the MCL branches are suggested to be the neural substrate of different ADHD variants. This review covers published and unpublished data from the Naples-High Excitability (NHE) rat, an animal model of ADHD, featuring its main aspects, with no hypertension. Therefore, a multiple approach based on morphological studies of dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, acetylcholine and GABA systems, synaptic (Calcium/Calmodulin kinase II) and extrasynaptic (chondroitin sulphates) environments, and molecular biology and pharmacological studies on the dopamine system has been carried out. Morphological findings suggest dopamine neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to be hypertrophic in NHE rats. The mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine branches appear to be normal in basal conditions. However, the striatal interface is probably defective following activation. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex, which represents the second main target of VTA dopamine neurons, has many alterations at the basal level. Therefore, the emerging picture is the association of a hyperinnervating and hyperfunctioning mesocortical branch of the dopamine system. Thus, the evidence gathered so far might improve our understanding of the neural substrates of neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia and drug addiction.
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PMID:Behavioural, pharmacological, morpho-functional molecular studies reveal a hyperfunctioning mesocortical dopamine system in an animal model of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. 1462 12

The paper deals with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) pathogenesis and diagnosis in young people. Among cerebrovascular diseases in the young acute hemorrhagic strokes take noticeable place. Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcoholism are among risk factors of subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH). Massive hemorrhages occur in the rupture of arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. HS in the young may be caused by blood diseases, i.e. leukemias, hemophilias, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, coagulopathies; vasculitis in diffuse diseases of the connective tissue; non-inflammatory arteriopathies; drug addiction. Genetic predisposition to HS development is discussed with focus to such diseases as a family form of moya-moya disease, glucocorticoid-depressed hyperaldosteronism, elastic pseudoxanthoma, Marfan's syndrome, renal olycystosis, Sturge-Veber syndrome. It is recommended to use wider updated methods of neurovisualization (CT, MRT, angiography) in diagnosis of HS. The conclusion is made that HS diagnosis, especially in the young, needs a multidisciplinary approach with active participation of neurologist, neurosurgeon, therapist, endocrinologist, hematologist.
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PMID:[Specific features of pathogenesis and diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke in young patients]. 1511 67

The indication of bariatric surgery as therapeutic procedure for morbid obese patients requires the application of selection criteria which deal with the degree of obesity, associated complications and previous failure of conventional therapy. Alcohol or drug addiction and concomitant serious disease are contraindications for bariatric surgery. Before operation, a full assessment is needed to identify possible eating behaviour disturbances and associated comorbidity such as cardiovascular disease, sleep apnoea, metabolic and psychiatric alterations which might induce intra and postoperative complications. Surgical techniques can be classified as restrictive, malabsortive and mixed procedures. Gastroplasty and adjustable gastric banding are restrictive techniques, which are indicated in obese patients with body mass index less than 45 kg/m2. Mixed techniques are the most used procedures. They include gastric by-pass which causes a reduction of 60-70% of weight excess, biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch which can eliminate a 75% of body weight excess. Following bariatric surgery a dramatic improvement in associated comorbidity can be demonstrated, specially in what refers to diabetes, hypertension, dislipidaemia and apnoea. Postoperative mortality is around 1-2%. Peritonitis and venous thromboembolism are the most serious complications. Postoperative follow-up should be lifelong and requires a progressive nutrition planning and vitamin supplementation.
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PMID:[Bariatric surgery: an update]. 1538 16

Adolescent pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal effects. Potential risk factors involve early dating behavior, early initiation of smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, low academic interest, single-parent families and, above all, poverty. Girls younger than 18 years and not legally majors are psychologically and socially underdeveloped, presenting higher obstetrical risks. Maternal complications due to adolescent pregnancy include, among others: anemia; pregnancy induced hypertension; sexually transmitted diseases; and premature labor and delivery. The most common complications concerning the infant are related to: low birth weight, due either to prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction; infection; chemical dependence (due to maternal substance abuse); sudden infant death syndrome; and increased morbidity and mortality during the 1st year of age. In addition, education of teenage mothers on the importance of pre-and postnatal care can reduce the poor perinatal outcome of both mother and infant.
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PMID:Adolescent pregnancy and perinatal outcome. 1664 54


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