Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This multi-center, unmatched, case-control study was conducted at all the 5 maternal-child health care centers in Thailand by administering questionnaires by trained interviewers. Additionally, Chulalongkorn Hospital Medical School and the Maharaj Hospital were also included. The entire sample of 2000 cases were recruited from all pregnant women who delivered a low birth weight (LBW) newborn weighing 2500 gm. 4095 controls were selected from pregnant women in the same hospitals who delivered neonates weighing 2500-4000 gm. Among biological factors influencing LBW, small maternal stature and weight ( 45 kg) was highly associated with LBW neonates (113 cases and 50 controls, relative risk [RR] = 7.15). Maternal age of less than 18 years and 35 years and over ranked 2nd for relative risk (390 cases and 499 controls, RR = 1.75). The other risk factors were parity of 1 or greater than 4 (1379 cases and 2396 controls, RR = 1.68), Quetelet's index of less than 20 (1696 cases and 3259 controls, RR = 1.37). These were all statistically significant risk factors. An accident during the 2nd trimester (RR = 1.34) was also a risk factor. The maternal psychosocial risk factors for LBW newborns were: low family income (RR = 1.75), education ( 4 years of formal education, RR = 1.35), hard work such as agricultural labor (RR = 1.46), and the need to travel (RR = 1.50) or to walk more than 2 hours to the work place (RR = 1.29). Paternal status of being a laborer, an agricultural worker, unemployed (RR = 1.39), or under 19 years old (RR = 1.74) were also risk factors. Pregnancy weight gain of 10 kg had the highest degree of association with having an LBW newborn (RR = 2.21). Other risk factors were: decreased food intake during pregnancy, maternal hematocrit count below 30%, and interpregnancy interval of less than 12 months. Maternal obstetrical risk factors for LBW included: vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy (RR = 3.28), maternal hypertension (RR = 3.48), convulsion during pregnancy (RR = 3.29), no prenatal care or less than 4 visits, maternal drug addiction (RR = 5.13), cigarette smoking (RR = 2.04), coffee or tea drinking during pregnancy, and repeated induced abortions (RR = 2.16).
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PMID:Maternal risk factors for low birth weight newborn in Thailand. 130 Mar 61

Workers with a medical diagnosis of chemical dependence were selected and compared with matched controls; we hypothesized there were significant differences in absenteeism and certain medical illnesses. Employee data were obtained from medical insurance sickness and accident reports. Illnesses were summarized into diagnostic clusters for analysis. Chemically-dependent workers had significantly more (P less than .05) absenteeism, injuries hypertension, and mental disorders than did the control group. Using these findings, employers can conduct prospective studies that select workers to be screened for chemical dependence.
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PMID:Chemical dependence. Analysis of work absenteeism and associated medical illnesses. 155 76

Based on a large material of international and Soviet investigations as well as on the data of official statistics, the authors analyze the main characteristics of the population morbidity and mortality depending on the geographic latitude. It has been demonstrated that with the moving away from the equator, the intensive growth of the general mortality is observable both in the USSR and in the countries of Europe and America as is of the lethality due to malignant neoplasms, circulatory diseases together with an increase of the lethality because of suicides. At the same time there is a dramatic lowering of the infantile death rate and of the mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. It has been revealed that the incidence of arterial hypertension, alcoholism and drug addiction associated with the geographic latitude. Different factors that may underlie the regularities established are under analysis. An idea is advanced of the geographic latitude syndrome which is of paramount methodological importance for preventive medicine.
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PMID:[Study of regional differences in the population morbidity and mortality from the standpoint of geographical latitude syndrome]. 176 79

The association of HBV infection and glomerular damage was first reported by Combes et al in 1971, in a patient with nephrotic syndrome due to membranous glomerulopathy and chronic hepatitis B. Since, then, other glomerular diseases have been reported such as a) minimal changes nephropathy, b) IgA nephropathy, c) membranous-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), d) membranous, e) mesangial proliferative and f) lupus nephritis. All of them are associated with chronic hepatic disease and some of the following antigens: 1) HBsAg; 2) HBeAg; 3) HBcAg. These disorders are very frequent in Southeast Asia. Vertical transmission from mothers to fetuses may be important in maintaining the high carrier rate, and possibly plays a role in the development of glomerular damage. On the other hand, MPGN associated with HBsAg has rarely been reported and always with a favorable benign course. The present report describes interesting findings in a renal biopsy from a HBsAg and HBeAg carrier, who developed renal failure requiring hemodialysis. A 21 year old Korean man was admitted to the Hospital for nephrotic syndrome, microhematuria hypertension and renal failure. He had no previous history of blood transfusion, intravenous drug addiction, jaundice or liver disease. His father was HBsAg carrier with hepatic cirrhosis. An ultrasound examination showed normal renal size. Renal biopsy was performed and the patient received hemodialysis treatment. The specimen was processed for light microscopy, immunofluorescent studies and peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Frozen sections were studied by direct immunofluorescence for the identification of IgG, IgA, C1q, C3, fibrinogen and albumin. Paraffin sections stained by immunoperoxidase technique for HBsAg, using polyclonal monospecific rabbit anti-Human antisera (Dakopatts, Copenhagen).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with semilunar forms and massive deposits of IgA associated with HBsAg]. 229 14

In addition to hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, the third major risk factor in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute thrombosis is nicotinism, particularly that involving the smoking of cigarettes. Each cigarette smoked, with inhalation, is followed by increases in blood pressure and heart rate due to release of catecholamines and vasopressin. In addition, nicotine intake modifies the metabolism of certain drugs, such as beta-blockers, diminishing their antihypertensive action and hence nullifying the therapeutic benefit. Hypertension in smokers therefore constitutes a real "model" for the pharmacologic study of certain antihypertensives. Clearly the essential aim with any hypertensive subject is discontinuance of smoking, which is difficult to achieve with heavy smokers since genuine drug dependence is involved. There is no "miracle" treatment. It is necessary in each case to study the characteristics of dependence, which is both psychologic and pharmacologic (nicotine being the principal drug). Appropriate, and hence more effective therapies can then be proposed in light of the results obtained.
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PMID:[How to prevent vascular risk related to smoking: an aid to discontinue smoking]. 262 4

Diet clearly influences neurotransmission. This can be important in grossly undernourished children. It can also be important in children in whom normal homeostatic mechanisms governing food intake are bypassed. Subtle differences in behavior can occur with physiologic variation in food intake. Components of foods can also be used as drugs. Starvation can impair neuronal maturation and can have lasting effects upon behavior and intellectual performance. The extent of starvation's impact upon the brain depends upon whether undernutrition occurred during a critical phase in brain development. Short-term fasting has small, but significant, effects upon intellectual performance. Even when gross malnutrition is not present, subtle changes in diet may modulate brain function. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline in the diet are used as precursors for neuronal synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, respectively. It is likely that the brain's sensitivity to certain components of the diet exists to permit monitoring of food intake by the central nervous system. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline may be useful in treatment of humans with sleep disorders, pain depression, mania, hypertension, shock, or dyskinesias. Other components of the diet that may affect behavior include food additives, sugar, and caffeine. Food additives may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms in a small proportion of children with attention deficit disorder. Given that there is little potential for harm and that there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial of a diet that contains no food additives may be a valid diagnostic approach for children with attention deficit disorder who do not respond to stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant therapy is not desired. Refined sugar has been blamed for many behavioral abnormalities. Subtle effects of carbohydrate upon behavior have been reported, but the existing data do not support the hypothesis that sucrose or fructose exert special effects upon neurotransmission. Caffeine is easily detected as a stimulant by humans, but it has little effect upon cognitive function. Administration of large doses of vitamins has no beneficial effect in most humans with schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, autism, Down's syndrome, or drug addiction. Large doses of niacinamide may even be harmful, as they may cause hepatic damage.
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PMID:Dietary influences on neurotransmission. 302 51

There is now convincing evidence from epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that adoption of an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet leads to blood pressure reduction in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. This effect appears to be independent of both dietary sodium and weight loss but additive to effects of weight reduction. Long-term adherence to a vegetarian diet is associated with less of a rise of blood pressure with age and a decreased prevalence of hypertension. The nutrients responsible for these effects have not been clearly identified and the mechanisms involved are unknown. Resolution of these questions is needed to enable more widespread adoption of dietary changes which may reduce the prevalence of hypertension, reduce antihypertensive drug dependence and by effects on blood pressure and blood lipids ameliorate the natural history of hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Vegetarian diet and blood pressure. 369 48

(1) The initial treatment of obesity must include an attempt to modify previous eating pattern and may involve group therapy or behavioral modification. Drug treatment is not indicated unless this dietary approach is shown to be ineffective. (2) Since anti-obesity drugs do not help to establish a new and permanent eating habit, they should never be prescribed except as part of an overall management plan. (3) The potential for abuse with amphetamine and phenmetrazine is such that their use cannot be justified as anorectic agents. (4) Phenmetrazine, diethylpropion, mazindol and fenfluramine will all produce an additional mean weight loss of approximately 0.2 kg per week. They are contraindicated if there is a history of drug misuse, drug dependence or psychiatric illness. They should always be prescribed with caution. With the exception of fenfluramine, they are best given intermittently on the grounds of efficacy, safety and cost benefit. (5) The individual response to drug therapy is extremely variable and may reflect differences in drug pharmacokinetics, metabolic adaptation or, less frequently, drug tolerance. (6) Following drug withdrawal, weight regain is the rule. It follows that therapy can most easily be justified if there is a short term need for weight loss, e.g. prior to elective surgery. (7) The safety and efficacy of long term drug therapy has yet to be established. It may prove justifiable in patients most at risk from obesity or from obesity associated disorders such as diabetes and hypertension. However, at present the only established indication for prolonged administration of the currently available drugs is the use of metformin in insulin independent diabetics. (8) The indications for the pharmacological treatment of obesity remain poorly defined. A number of new approaches are being evaluated, and the future may lie in the development of drugs which enhance thermogenesis or primarily act upon the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Drug treatment and obesity. 676 69

We studied 3,942,868 Medicare patients (comprised of elderly and disabled) discharged with cardiovascular disease (CVD) during 1987, of which 41,095 (1%) had a drug disorder. Among this small subgroup, the percent of those overlapping with an alcohol and/or mental disorder is 33% for the elderly and 47% for the disabled. The presence of a drug disorder discharge diagnosis is associated with an excess of 329,650 days of hospital care and +174,498,071 in hospital charges as illustrated by a 51% increase in average annual days in the hospital for the elderly, and a similar 61% increase for the disabled. The concomitant increase in average annual discharges offers an explanation. Clinical progression in drug disorder severity (six categories were defined) is associated with increasing lengths of stay; for example, drug dependence comorbidities present longer lengths of stay than drug abuse comorbidities. Among the 12 categories of CVD defined, patients with rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, hypertension, and other venous disorders were those whose length of stay experienced the largest percent increase when a drug disorder was present. When drug disorders compete with alcohol and/or mental disorders in a general linear model predicting average annual length of stay, they remain significant at the p < .001 level.
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PMID:Drug disorders and cardiovascular disease: the impact on annual hospital length of stay for the Medicare population. 776 47

Patients recovering from alcohol and other drug addiction have unique medical and pharmacological needs. Careful selection of medications call decrease the risk of relapse. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel-blocking medications are excellent choices to treat hypertension. Most gastrointestinal problems resolve with abstinence and can be treated nonpharmacologically. In managing pain, physicians should avoid narcotics and use nonpharmacological treatment whenever possible. Treating recovering patients with HIV can be challenging because of the side effects of many of the antiviral medications. The newer antiviral agents have fewer side effects and contraindications. Commonly used remedies for colds and cough can cause a relapse to drug use. Patients with diabetes mellitus need to be monitored very closely in early recovery to prevent hypoglycemia. Frequently a team approach is helpful in managing the medication needs of patients in recovery.
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PMID:The integration of medical management with recovery. 933 54


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