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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male and female virgin rats and breeder rats with naturally-occurring diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis, were made severely diabetic with a single, subcutaneous injection of alloxan (10 mg/100 g b.w.), after an 18 h fast. During five months of unrelenting diabetes, some animals became obese while others became emaciated. Only the emaciated animals survived but they were blind, their adrenal glands were hemorrhagic, hypertrophied and thrombosed, thymi involuted, kidneys swollen, hearts reduced in size while testes and ovaries were atrophic. Serum CPK, SGOT and SGPT were elevated concomitant with extensive cardiovascular damage, hepatic steatosis and generalized catabolism. Circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids were markedly elevated with total cholesterol only slightly increased. BUN and serum calcium levels were also greatly elevated. Sub-normal Cmpd. B levels indicated impaired adrenal steroidogenesis. Virgin rats developed arteriosclerosis and male and female breeder rats showed exacerbation of their pre-existing aortic sclerosis as well as P.A.N. lesions in their small-sized arteries. It is believed that severe diabetes causes exacerbation of the endogenous hormonal milieu resulting from abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function induced by repeated breeding, which conditions the connective tissue components of the arterial wall of rats toward accelerated degenerative changes.
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PMID:Polyarteritis nodosa induced in arteriosclerotic, male and female breeder rats by chronic alloxan diabetes. 1 32

Sexually mature, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in large communal breeding cages or in smaller paired breeding cages. Virgin control rats of the same age were housed similarly but segregated by sex. Breeders became obese, developed a fatty liver, and showed elevated levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Breeders had high blood pressure, enlarged hearts, hyperglycemia, and islet beta cell degranulation. Serum enzymes, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalo-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were elevated in breeder rats. The adrenal glands of male breeders appeared hyperactive; the adrenal glands of female breeders were thrombosed and appeared to be hypoactive. Male breeder rats developed microscopic aortic lesions only; female breeders developed advanced calcific aortic sclerosis. Male breeders kept in active stud service manifested the most abnormal metabolic and pathophysiological changes. Female breeders developed similar pathophysiological changes after four pregnancies, irrespective of their paired or communal breeding environment. Virgin rats were normal regardless of housing conditions. Our findings suggest that repeated breeding in male and female rats causes resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis. This may lead to disturbed hormonal and metabolic changes which culminate with the development of accelerated cardiovascular degenerative changes.
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PMID:Pathophysiological differences between paired and communal breeding of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. 33 92

Mitral annulus calcification is a common finding in old people. In order to know the association of mitral annulus calcification with other pathologic conditions, 25 patients were studied by echocardiography, 20 females and 5 males. No significant differences _ere observed with respect to sex. The average age was 67 +/- 15 years. Mitral annulus calcification was associated with aortic sclerosis in 100% of the cases, to arterial hypertension in 19 (76%), to obstructive pulmonary disease in 8 (32%), to diabetes mellitus in 5 (20%), and to peripheral arterial insufficiency in 5 (20%). Mitral regurgitation was found in 14 cases, atrial fibrillation in 2 (8%). Complete A-V block was not observed, but there was enlargement of the left ventricle in 23 (92%) and of the left atrium in 17 (68%). The chest X-ray showed mitral annulus calcification in 5 (20%) with a sensitivity of 25% and a specificity of 100%. The M-mode echocardiogram showed LA-Ao ratio of 1.4 +/- 0.3, the mitral valve D-E excursion was reduced 11.9 +/- 3.1 mm. and also the E-F slope 28.6 mm/seg +/- 16.7 with appearance of mitral stenosis, but the two-dimensional study demonstrated that this was false. In all patients the left ventricle was dilated and fractional shortening was diminished. Echocardiography not only is a good diagnostic method for mitral annulus calcification, it also allow us to evaluate the hemodynamic consequences of this pathology which occurs in older patients and is often associated with other common illnesses of advanced age. In our study 56% of mitral annulus calcification cases were associated with mitral regurgitation.
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PMID:[Study of calcification of the mitral annulus. Importance of echocardiographic analysis]. 278 87

A sub-strain of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) capable of having massively obese or non-obese offspring were bred repeatedly or were maintained as virgin controls. When the male and female breeders had sired or given birth to 5 litters of young, they were autopsied along with their 10-month-old celibate brothers and sisters. Virgin and breeder SHR developed high blood pressure (250 +/- 10 mm Hg). Breeder rats were significantly heavier than their virgin cohorts; pituitary and adrenal glands, hearts, and kidneys were significantly enlarged while thymi were severely involuted in breeder vs virgin SHR. The hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hyperglycemia, and islet hyperplasia, characteristic of virgin SHR, were greatly exacerbated in breeder SHR. Blood levels of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and aldosterone were greatly elevated in breeder vs virgin SHR. Although breeder rats of genetically normotensive strains develop aortic sclerosis, none of the breeder SHR developed aortic sclerosis. Instead, intimal fibrinohyalin lesions appeared confined to the testes and ovaries. It is suggested that the anatomical appearance or resistance of the arterial wall to the development of lesions is genetically mediated but this genetic programming may be modified by metabolic and hormonal factors with particular emphasis on the participation of adrenocorticoids.
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PMID:Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension in repeatedly bred parents of the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (obese/SHR) unaccompanied by arteriosclerosis. 674 80

Male and female, normotensive, Sprague-Dawley (S-D), Wistar-Kyoto (WKy), and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were bred repeatedly until the females had given birth to and nursed 6 litters of pups. At the close of the 2nd, 4th and 6th breeding, breeder males and females, along with celibate males and females of equal age, were killed. S-D and WKy breeder rats manifested progressively increasing adiposity and high blood pressure with each successive breeding; breeder SHR showed mild exacerbation of their pre-existing high blood pressure. Adrenocortical hyperplasia and thymus-gland involution suggested increasing pituitary-adrenal activity in breeder rats. Circulating aldosterone levels decreased with repeated breeding in parallel with increased deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone secretion. The repeatedly bred normotensive rats manifested worsening aortic sclerosis as against little or no aortic sclerosis in the repeatedly bred SHR. Breeder SHR developed fibrinohyalin intimal lesions limited exclusively to the arterioles of the testis and ovary. Virgin rats did not develop any vascular disease. It is suggested that a diverse spectrum of adrenal steroids in breeder HSR combined with genetic direction control the morphogenesis of arterial disease in breeder SHR.
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PMID:Genetically mediated resistance to naturally occurring aortic sclerosis in spontaneously hypertensive as against Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto breeder rats. 706 85

Repeatedly bred, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), unlike breeder Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, develop intimal hyalin lesions of the small sized gonadal arteries exclusively. When subjected to adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH), breeder SHR develop aortic sclerosis identical to the arteriosclerosis which appears in breeder S-D rats. virgin and breeder S-D and SHR were subjected to ARH and were killed 8 weeks later. ARH caused a much greater increase in the blood pressure of S-D than in SH rats. Circulating levels of aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and corticosterone were significantly lower in the ARH-treated S-D and SH rats. The regenerated adrenal cortices of the S-D rats manifested extensive lipid depletion indicative of active synthesis and discharge; the regenerated cortices of SHR were replete with lipid suggestive of depressed steroidogenesis. The diverse morphology and anatomical location of arterial lesions in virgin vs breeder SR may be related to adrenal steroidogenesis.
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PMID:Changes in the morphology and location of arterial lesions in virgin and breeder Sprague-Dawley and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to adrenal regeneration hypertension. 723 28

Humans far advanced in years represent, in many respects, a positive selection of people showing particularly favorable adaptation to life circumstances. Correlated with the behavior of blood pressure were not only electrocardiographic results but cardiovascular x-ray results as well. Pathological ECG changes which are not affected by a specific therapy are entirely consistent with old age, with pronounced ECG changes accompanied by a marked variation in hemodynamics having not been observed in the aged in the sense of a positive selection. The aged, despite a large number of subjects showing development of particular conditions, did not generally include R1 patients with strain on both the left and right heart. On an average, the width of the aorta was not seen to increase further in the aged. Also, hypertension had no effect upon the width of the aorta in humans of advanced age. There was no evidence for an increase in the incidence of aortic sclerosis in the aged.
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PMID:[Electrocardiographic studies and cardiovascular radiographic findings in the aged]. 734 36

Nonarteriosclerotic, virgin, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats and arterio sclerotic breeder SD and SHR rats were subjected to adrenal regeneration-induced hypertension (ARH) with and without extra salt. ARH caused a marked increase in the blood pressure of SD rats and a mild increase in SHR rats; extra salt caused exacerbation of hypertension in SD rats only. Heart and kidney weights were greatly increased commensurate with blood pressure. Increased adrenal weight concomitant with thymus gland involution was considerable in SD and less marked in SHR rats. Testes and ovaries were involuted. Creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase levels were abnormally high; blood triglycerides, FFA, glucose, and corticosterone decreased, and total cholesterol, glucose, and corticosterone increased in SD but decreased in SHR rats. Blood urea nitrogen levels were much more abnormally elevated in SD than in SHR rats. ARH did not induce arterial disease in the virgin SD or SHR rats, but it did produce a spectrum of arterial disease in SH breeders, e.g. aortic sclerosis, polyarteritis nodosa-like lesions, intimal cartilaginous metaplasia, and hyalin fibrosis. Altered adrenocortical steroidogenesis may have conditioned the arterial wall of SHR rats to develop diverse morphological changes, and extra salt is much more detrimental to normotensive rats (SD) than to genetically hypertensive rats.
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PMID:Induction of diverse arterial and myocardial lesions by adrenal regeneration hypertension in Sprague-Dawley versus spontaneously hypertensive rats. 735 53

In order to evaluate the exact distensibility in various parts of aorta in hypertensive patients, the authors performed cine magnetic resonance (MR) in 30 normal control (NC) subjects and 30 hypertensive (HT) patients whose age and sex were matched. Cine MR was carried out at transverse sections in the ascending, descending, and abdominal aorta. Aortic diameter and area were measured in the frames of the maximum and the minimum aortic area. Aortic distensibility was calculated from the following formula: (Max area-Min area)/(Min area x delta P), where delta P is pulse pressure. Cardiac parameters were measured with echocardiography in all subjects. Aortic distensibility was significantly lower in HT patients than in NC subjects at each transverse section (P < 0.01). Minimum diameter index (Min diameter/body surface area) and cardiac function parameter showed no significant differences between NC and HT groups. From these findings, it is suspected that hypertension is a strongly contributing factor that promotes aortic sclerosis.
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PMID:Evaluation of aortic distensibility in patients with essential hypertension by using cine magnetic resonance imaging. 812 1

This paper describes the history of an 81-year-old female suffering from a giant dissecting aortic aneurysm with concealed perforation within the thorax. The patient had suffered from arterial hypertension for about 10 years and had been treated with thiazide. Nine months prior to admission the patient was in a state of collapse, and ultrasound examination revealed an intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm. At this time thoracic x-ray showed aortic sclerosis and elongation of the aorta but no signs of aneurysm formation. After this episode the patient was symptom-free for the next 9 months. Following a further syncopal attack with severe thoracic pain, the patient was hospitalized at the intensive care unit. Both in thoracic x-ray and computed tomography of the thorax, a pronounced dissecting aortic aneurysm with perforation of the thoracic aorta into the mediastinum could be established. Because of the patient's poor general condition and advanced age, as well as far-reaching pathological findings, surgery was not advised by either the heart and vascular surgeon or the anesthetist. Following 1 week's intensive therapy, the patient's general condition improved greatly, with stabilization of thoracic pain, blood pressure, and respiratory action. On the other hand, thoracic x-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging produced a distinct progression of the aneurysm with consequent mild displacement of mediastinum and left lung. Laboratory examinations for syphilis showed no evidence of that disease. After further improvement the patient was discharged 4 weeks after admission and has been symptom-free for 6 months in spite of the extensive pathological findings described herein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Giant dissecting aortic aneurysm with concealed perforation in an 81-year-old female. 845 18


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