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 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 415 adult patients treated for acute drug intoxications in a university hospital emergency room, 64 (15.4%) required admission to the medical service for intensive care. A significantly larger proportion of patients over 40 years of age required hospitalization. Forty-eight of the episodes requiring hospitalization were identified as intentional drug intoxication. Women were admitted in 41 (64.0%) instances while men were admitted on 23 (36.0%) occasions. Non-barbiturate depressants, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and antidepressants were the drug classes most commonly incriminated. Almost one-half of all patients, however, had taken multiple drugs. Medical complications in these 64 patients included coma in 43 (67.2%), acute hypertension or hypotension in 21 (32.8%), and pneumonia in 16 (25%). Complications occurring less frequently were cardiac arrest in three (4.7%), anemia in two (3.2%), neuropathies, soft tissue necrosis, quadraplegia, renal failure, bullous dermatitis, and fetal death in one patient each. Two (3.2%) patients died as a result of drug ingestions. Forty per cent of patients had experienced previous episodes of acute drug intoxication.
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PMID:Epidemiology of acute drug intoxications: patient characteristics, drugs, and medical complications. 444 48

In a cross-sectional study of 5419 Finnish adult men, a higher prevalence of diagnosed myocardial infarction was found among those who slept more than 9 hours, whilst those sleeping less than 6 hours per night had more symptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD). This relationship held after controlling by multivariate analysis for age, sleep quality, use of sleeping pills and tranquilizers, smoking, alcohol use, Type A score, neuroticism, use of cardiovascular drug and history of hypertension. The cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology of sleep is reviewed and the relationship of some specific sleep disorders to CHD is discussed.
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PMID:Sleep disorders in relation to coronary heart disease. 698 2

The parents of 31 children with malignant disorders were clinically examined and interviewed to characterize their life situation and somatic health during treatment of their child. The follow-up was for 7 years. Comparison groups were from the mean Finnish population matched for age, sex and occupation. The parents were generally healthy. Hypertension, headache and abdominal pain were the main symptoms. Sick leave and contact with a physician were less common than in the control population. The frequency of paramedical drug use was high but tranquilizers were used rarely. At the beginning the mothers had many symptoms indicating stress. Their attitude about their own state of health improved during the follow-up in spite of ageing. The spare-time physical activities of the parents increased during follow-up. Few marital conflicts and problems with the siblings were reported. The increment in economic burden caused by the child's disease was not regarded as essentially changing the family life.
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PMID:Children with malignant disorders: the health and life situation of their parents examined over a 7-year interval. 883 83

Vital exhaustion, defined as a combination of fatigue, lack of energy, feelings of hopelessness, loss of libido, and increased irritability, has been proposed as a risk indicator for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is unclear if the association between vital exhaustion and CHD is independent of sleep behavior, depression, and physical activity. We ascertained sense of exhaustion among 5,053 male college alumni who were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by asking, "How often do you experience sense of exhaustion (except after exercise)?" on a health survey in 1980. Eight hundred fifteen men died during 12 years of follow-up, 25% due to CHD. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking status, and history of physician-diagnosed diabetes and hypertension, frequent sense of exhaustion was associated with a twofold increase in CHD mortality (rate ratio 2.07; 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 3.96). After additional adjustment for insomnia, sleep duration, use of sleeping pills and tranquilizers, physical activity, history of physician-diagnosed depression, and alcohol intake, the rate ratio was not appreciably altered; however, the association now was of borderline significance (rate ratio 2.06; 95% confidence interval: 0.98 to 4.36) because there were only 10 deaths from CHD among men who were frequently exhausted. In a prospective observational study, frequent sense of exhaustion appeared to be independently associated with increased risk of CHD mortality in men.
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PMID:Sense of exhaustion and coronary heart disease among college alumni. 1060 12

Reports of migraines and headaches in users of oral contraceptives usually range from less than 1 to 20%, except higher in the 1st cycle, in papers on oral contraceptive trials, and about 30% of series of migraine patients in papers by headache specialists. Headaches usually occur within 1-3 days after a cycle of pills is stopped. Etiologic factors include the progestagen in the pill, possibly the estrogen, perhaps prolactin; and prostaglandins and water retention have been suggested causes. The author saw 4 cases of headaches in women that developed hypertension of 160-170/100-105 when they started the pill. Migraines can be treated with the usual medications, and psychogenic headaches with tranquilizers, antidepressives, or psychotherapy.
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PMID:[Headaches, migraine and oral contraception]. 1225 93

Contraindications to the use of estroprogestational agents must be critically and completely evaluated before any oral contraceptive (OC) prescription. Antecedents of cholestasis during pregnancy, jaundice, vascular lithiasis, hepato-cellular adenomas, or viral hepatitis are sure contradindications to OC use because of possible hepatic pathology, while antecedents of thromboembolic or cardiovascular accidents are contraindications because of the possible cardiovascular pathology. In the adolescent and premenopausal women any irregularities in the menstrual cycle would advise against OC prescription, just as any form of benign or malignant gynecological tumor would be a contraindication at any age. Prescription of OC is contraindicated in patients under treatment with several kinds of analgesics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, barbiturates, and tranquilizers, since such drugs usually interfere with the contraceptive action of OCs. Another absolute contraindication to OC treatment is pregnancy, even if it is not proven that OC treatment immediately before or during pregnancy can increase the risk of teratogenic effects. OCs can diminish the volume and duration of lactation in breastfeeding women; it is also possible that steroids and their metabolites can pass into maternal milk in minimal doses. The most important factors of risk are smoking, especially in women over 40, hypertension, hyperlipemia and diabetes, whether latent or real. It must be remembered, however, that risk of maternal mortality in Western Europe is 5-35/100,000 births, while risk of mortality because of OC treatment is only 3/100,000.
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PMID:[The contraindications of estroprogestagens]. 1227 52

To explore the prevalence of and risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) in Iran. A total of 2674 men aged 20-70 y old were interviewed by 42 general practitioners and answered a self-administered questionnaire. The subjects were randomly identified from 28 counties of Iran. ED was defined as difficulties in achieving an erection before sexual intercourse and maintaining it. Data on medical history, toxic habits, and current use of medications were also obtained. Of the men interviewed, 18.8% (460) reported ED. Impotence was found to be significantly associated with age and was less associated with geographical location. The prevalence increased with age, from 6% in men 20-39 y to 47% in those >60 y (tested for trend < or = 0.001). A history of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) 3.72, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.51-5.71), hypertension (OR 1.69, 95% CI, 1.31-2.40), peripheral vascular disorders (OR 2.44, 95% CI, 1.65-3.74), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.71, 95% CI, 1.11-2.65), and coronary artery disease (OR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.21-2.85) were significantly associated with ED. In comparison with never smokers, the OR of ED was 2.41 (95% CI, 1.52-3.30) for current smokers and 2.15 (95% CI, 1.38-3.1) for ex-smokers and increased with duration of the habit. Drug intake, called tranquilizers and antidepressants, correlated strongly (OR 3.71, 95% CI, 2.51-6.76 and OR 2.80, 95% CI, 1.47-4.32, respectively). This study provides a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and main risk factors for ED in Iranian men.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in a population-based study in Iran. 1293 51

TRANQUILIZING DRUGS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS, ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL STRUCTURE: (1) Phenothiazine derivatives, (2) Rauwolfia alkaloids, (3) substituted propanediols or butanediols, and (4) diphenylmethane derivatives. The distinguishing features of tranquilizing drugs in contrast to conventional sedatives is that they calm without producing sleep and that their site of action in the central nervous system is predominantly subcortical. The principal sites of action are important regulating centers of the brain: thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular activating system and portions of the limbic system. Phenothiazine derivatives, besides being the most effective tranquilizers for treating severe emotional disorders, are also clinically useful for potentiating other analgesic or anesthetic drugs and for controlling vomiting. This rapidly growing group of drugs is of major importance in present-day psychopharmacologic therapy. Newer derivatives, especially of the piperazine type, appear to be highly effective as tranquilizers in low doses. They also produce fewer major complications from treatment. Rauwolfia alkaloids have decreased in importance in psychiatric use, but are still the basic drugs for treating hypertension. The substituted propanediols or butanediols are generally used as mild sedatives for less serious emotional disorders. The diphenylmethane derivatives, while chemically related, have a variety of pharmacologic actions which include sedation, stimulation, antihistaminic and anticholinergic effects. The ultimate role of these agents in the treatment of major emotional disorders, such as schizophrenic reactions, still is uncertain. However, the impetus these drugs have given to improved treatment of psychotic patients in mental hospitals has unquestionably been beneficial. The intensive attempts to determine their modes of action will very likely yield important advances in the understanding of possible neurophysiologic bases for mental illness.
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PMID:The present status of tranquilzing drugs. 1356 Nov 7

The authors examined the relationship of noise sensitivity with health status and psychological factors in individuals <70 yr of age in Finland. Subjects (n = 1,355) were selected from a 1988 case-control study, based on the Finnish Twin Cohort, that assessed noise sensitivity, lifetime noise exposure, and hypertension. Other health status and psychological factors were obtained from a questionnaire that had been administered to the same individuals in 1981. Statistical analysis showed that noise sensitivity was associated significantly with hypertension, emphysema, use of psychotropic drugs (i.e., sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and pain relievers), stress, smoking, and hostility, even after adjustment for lifetime noise exposure. These results indicate that noise sensitivity has both psychological and somatogenic components.
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PMID:Somatic and psychological characteristics of noise-sensitive adults in Finland. 1626 17

Blood pressure (BP) monitoring devices are very commonly used by the general public for self-measurement. Approximately 19% of people using these devises check their BP every day or almost every day and only one third use them because their doctor recommended it. Measurement often causes anxiety and anxiety increases blood pressure in the short term. Elderly patients often visit the emergency room (ER) due to these BP elevations. Almost 10% of patients presenting to ERs complained of high BP, and between 50-75% of them receive antihypertensive drugs (sometimes with serious adverse effects) despite the fact that only 7.5% are classified as hypertensive emergencies, and only 2.8% are at risk of serious outcome. Two studies suggested the use of anxiolitics in the treatment of excessive hypertension. When compared to captopril, treatment with diazepam or alprazolam showed to be effective in lowering BP, with no significant difference between the two groups. We therefore suggest that patients with acute elevations of BP (measured at home) try an anxiolytic before deciding to go to the ER. Patients in which BP lowers with the use of tranquilizers do not need to go to the ER. We also suggest using this strategy in patients visiting community clinics and ER for the same reason. Our hypothesis is that by using our suggestions there will be a significant reduction in the number of unnecessary visits to the ER, the use of medication that may produce serious adverse effects, and an important health cost reduction, without increasing the risk for patients (a 10% reduction of ER visits may save up to 300 million dollars/year in the US alone and prevent unnecessary use of medical facilities and manpower).
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PMID:Hypothesis: A single dose of an anxiolitic may prevent unnecessary visits to the emergency room during blood pressure elevations. 2688 Jun 34


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