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 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The character and dynamics of the cardio-vascular response to psychogenic stress (confrontation of cat and dog) depends on active or passive type of behavioral response. Tranquilizers inhibit long-lasting hypertension otherwise occurring after the stress stimulus. Adaptive cardio-vascular responses and baroreceptor reflexes did not alter after tranquilizers administration. Effects of psychotropic drugs correspond to the type of individual behavioral response.
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PMID:[Modulation of autonomic correlates of emotional stress and adaptive responses]. 2 11

This article reports on interrelationships between the medical and emotional health of 95 men who were prospectively followed from age 18 to 53. Fifty of these originally healthy men developed illness patterns sometimes called psychosomatic (ulcer, colitis, allergy, hypertension, musculo-skeletal disorders). These men were compared with the other 45 similarly studied men who never developed such illnesses. Although men who developed "psychosomatic" illnesses were more likely to seek medical or psychiatric attention, they exhibited only slightly more psychopathology. Both as children and as adults they had more physical illness of all kinds. They were less likely to indulge in vacations and athletics and more likely to use tranquilizers and excessive alcohol. Men with "psychosomatic" illnesses experienced a greater variety of somatic symptoms under stress, but the loci of these somatic symptoms shifted over time and were not significantly associated with the sites of psychosomatic illness. Premorbidly, the 20 men who were eventually to develop serious irreversible physical illness of any kind reflected far more psychopathology than the 45 men who developed psychosomatic illness.
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PMID:Natural history of male psychological health, IV: what kinds of men do not get psychosomatic illness. 71 44

Tests staged on non-anesthetized cats demonstrated that the symptoms of the inhibited behaviour of the animals following introduction of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are attended by hypertension, tachycardia and an increased intensity of pressor vasomotor reflexes. Urethan and chlorasole lessened the intensity of the activating effect of the tranquilizers on the central component of the sympathetic nervous system tonicity.
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PMID:[Cardiovascular effects of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide in experiments on non-narcotized animals]. 127 47

This study was conducted to determine what factors are related to falls, conditions contributing to falls and the associated injuries. Subjects who had lived in 3 institutions for the elderly in the western region of Shizuoka Prefecture were chosen. Subjects (n = 181) had an average age of 76.4 +/- 7.8 years, and all were interviewed regardless of their history of falls. For those who had experienced falls further interviews were conducted. The following results were obtained: 1) There were 64 subjects (35.4% of the subjects) who had experienced falls, some having experienced multiple falls (for a total count of 89 falls). 2) The frequency of falls of differed by sex or age was significantly. The frequency of females was significantly higher than that of males. The frequency for those in their 70's was lower than in other age groups. 3) At the time of experiencing falls the majority of subjects had hypertension, eye symptoms, insomnia, paralysis, functional restrictions, were going up or down stairs, working, and had difficulty reading characters in newspapers, had experiences of stumbling or need of medical attention within for the past 2 years. Results of this study showed that, while the use of tranquilizers or hypnotics were not statistically significant, they were closely connected to and increase in falls among the aged. 4) In the causes of falls, intrinsic factors figured in 34 (34.0%) cases, and the extrinsic factors in 66 (66.0%). 5) Both falls and fall-caused external injuries were higher among females than males. Furthermore, female subjects mainly suffered contusions and fractures while male subjects mainly suffered abrasions.
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PMID:[A study of falls experienced by institutionalized elderly]. 129 38

A case-control study was conducted 1) to determine whether maternal prenatal drug consumption increases the risk of neuroblastoma in the child and, if so, 2) to see if the size of the risk depends on whether the case is inherited or sporadic. Mothers of children with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma (n = 101) were compared with mothers of children newly diagnosed with other forms of childhood cancer (n = 690). Cases and controls were selected from the population of childhood cancer patients at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, between 1979 and 1986. The patients' mothers were interviewed to ascertain their prenatal medication, alcohol, and tobacco consumption patterns. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to adjust for maternal age at birth, patient age at diagnosis, race, social class, exposure to x-ray, miscarriage, and other confounding variables. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated for the total sample and for subgroups that had a higher probability of containing inherited cases. Drugs associated with neuroblastoma case status include diuretics for hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 4.1, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 1.0-16.9), tranquilizers (OR = 2.1, 95 percent CI 1.1-4.3), nonprescription pain relievers (OR = 1.9, 95 percent CI 1.1-3.1), and cigarettes (OR = 1.9, 95 percent CI 1.1-3.2). The odds ratios for maternal prenatal drug consumption for the group with inherited cases and the total sample were approximately the same. This equality is inconsistent with predictors based on Knudson's two-stage model of carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Influence of the mother's prenatal drug consumption on risk of neuroblastoma in the child. 151 82

This article reports the results of a critical analysis of English-language studies describing programs designed to improve physician prescribing behavior in primary care settings. Only 64% of studies met minimum research design standards, and are the basis for the results reported. The overall findings of the review confirm the conclusions of a previous evaluation of hospital-based studies. (1) The simple dissemination of printed educational materials had no detectable effect on prescribing practice when used alone in well-controlled studies. However, such educational materials do lay a necessary foundation for more personalized educational efforts. (2) Merely distributing computerized listings of patient-specific medication profiles, without specific recommendations for change, is ineffective in reducing overall drug costs or use of inappropriate drugs. Their lack of effect may be due to the large quantity and clinical irrelevance of such data. (3) Continuous computerized reminder systems have been shown to prevent omission of essential care, although such systems are effective only as long as reminders continue. This strategy has not been evaluated for its potential to reduce excessive or inappropriate drug prescribing. (4) Repeated feedback to physicians with specific suggestions for alternative agents has been shown to increase use of generic drugs in academic group practice settings. No adequate studies have tested whether this approach might reduce other types of misprescribing. Also in academic primary care settings, small group tutorials have been shown to improve use of antibiotics and hypertension treatment control. (5) A substantial literature in the U.S. and Canada supports the conclusion that brief, face-to-face educational outreach visits, conducted by either specially trained clinical pharmacists or physician "counsellors" and "opinion leaders", are effective in reducing prescribing of inefficient or contraindicated drugs in pediatric and adult primary care settings. These face-to-face approaches emphasize a tactful, supportive and facilitative role; in some cases, emphasis is put on helping physicians overcome barriers to appropriate prescribing (e.g. patient demand or addiction to minor tranquilizers). Most effective programs also utilize professionally credible sponsors and high-quality educational materials. In addition to improving quality, some programs have been found to produce savings in drug use which exceed the operational costs of the program.
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PMID:Quality assurance for drug prescribing. 210 70

The effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on drug therapy are related mainly to the inhibition of microsomal oxidation as well as the induction of enzymes involved in conjugation reactions. Since many drugs share these catabolic pathways, their pharmacodynamics will be affected by OCs. Notable interactions include an increased bioavailability of analgesics, tranquilizers, and tricyclic antidepressants. OCs increase the risk for hypertension, and pharmacokinetic interactions are to be expected when OCs are administered with antihypertensive drugs. Likewise, OCs affect lipid metabolism and thus modify the effects of atherogenic drugs; however, the different forms of hyperlipidemia show a heterogeneous response to OCs. Another particular concern is that the gestagen components of OCs may cause peripheral insulin resistance and may require dose adaption with antidiabetic treatments. Two common nonprescription drugs, theophylline and caffeine, show decreased clearance rates due to OCs. All share a common oxidation pathway involving cytochrome P-450 and P-448. However, cigarette smoking stimulates these enzymes, and the decreased clearance of theophylline and caffeine is usually not observed in smokers. The reports of effects of OCs and alcohol taken together are mixed, and no clinically relevant conclusions can be drawn. Most vitamin and mineral levels are influenced by OCs, but this is a concern only under conditions of deprived diet, when normal dietary adjustments are impossible. An important caveat of the many documented effects of OCs on the pharmacodynamics of other drugs is that, in most instances, these effects will be counterbalanced with kinetic changes and result in no clinical manifestation. Nevertheless, clinicians must be aware of possible adverse reactions, particularly in predisposed patients.
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PMID:Influence of oral contraceptives on drug therapy. 225 28

Together with a survey conducted among the population of Vienna on the prevalence of hypertension, the consumption of psychotropic substances was investigated. In cooperation with a polling institute a quota-sample of 1,470 Viennese over 15 were visited in their homes by 50 physicians trained in interview techniques. The quota-sample comprised 1,470 people (0.959(0/00) of the population of 1,531,346 inhabitants) and was representative in terms of age, sex, social status, and area of residence. The overall prevalence of psychoactive drug consumption among the inhibitants of Vienna investigated was found to be 6.8%. The female to male ratio was 3.5 to 1. Furthermore, psychoactive drug use increased with age and was influenced by social status, with the highest consumption rate found among divorced women and widows. Using the Goldberg "General Health Questionnaire", data were collected on the presence of psychopathologic symptoms and the responders' subjective feeling of being under stress was elicited. A significant correlation could be shown between these two factors and the use of psychoactive drugs. The type of drugs most frequently used were tranquilizers (4.96%), followed by antidepressants (0.95%) and hypnotics (0.88%).
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PMID:The prevalence of psychoactive drug intake in a metropolitan population. 271 59

A social and clinical evaluation was performed on thirty Kentucky centenarians. The majority of the subjects were women (19/30), white (27/30), either widows or widowers (26/30), and lived in long term care facilities (15/30). Only one of thirty had ever smoked cigarettes and there was an absence of excessive alcohol use. Medication use varied from 0 to 9 medications. Digitalis, diuretics, and anti-inflammatory medications were common (12; 16; 15 respectively) while major and minor tranquilizers were less frequently used (7 and 4). Hypertension was present in 48%. Although rarely functionally significant, clinically evident cardiac disease was present in 38%. Ninety-three percent lacked vibratory sensation at the ankles while ankle jerks were absent in 82%. Functionally significant diminished vision and hearing were frequent (40% and 60% respectively). Functional assessment demonstrated moderate to nearly complete independence in 57%, while the remaining 43% were significantly to nearly totally dependent on others. The primary conclusion is that for all they have in common, centenarians remain unique individuals with a tremendous variability among themselves.
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PMID:A social and clinical evaluation of centenarians. 383 Feb 38

Prescription drug advertisements which appeared in two leading American medical journals in 1972, 1977 and 1982 were analyzed to discover possible trends in advertising. The 5016 ads examined showed that ads for the diuretic-cardiovasculars, especially the beta-adrenergic blocking agents and the slow channel inhibitors, as well as the analgesics, had increased, while ads for the anti-infectives and tranquilizers had diminished. The average amount of space allocated for each ad had increased. On the average, most ads (69%) depicted neither male nor female patients in their graphics, and a trend of increased neutrality was observed. When the hormones were excluded, an average of 21% of the ads showed male patients and 10% showed females. Since a relationship was discerned between the leading drugs advertised and the leading prescriptions filled, it was concluded that advertising does have some effect on the prescribing behavior of practitioners. The findings suggest that great investment in advertising is necessary in order to achieve high levels of sales for such drugs as Valium (diazepam) which do not have a clear-cut ameliorative effect on a specific physiological condition. On the other hand, it was suggested that saturation advertising would not significantly enhance the sales of such drugs as Dyazide (triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide) because of its well established therapeutic value in the control of hypertension. Ten advertising companies, on the average, had purchased 67% of all advertising space and five had purchased almost half (47%). The same two pharmaceutical companies were among the top five advertisers and the same five were among the top ten for the three years studied.
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PMID:Prescription drug advertising: trends and implications. 397 84


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