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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An increased prevalence of hypertension in groups with high alcohol consumption has been recognized for a number of years. More recently, several studies have suggested an independent association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure levels in samples from general populations. Of 30 cross-sectional population studies reviewed, the majority reported small but significant elevations in blood pressure in those consuming three drinks or more per day in comparison with nondrinkers. In 25% of studies, elevations in blood pressure were also reported at lower levels of consumption; in about 40%, the blood pressure of nondrinkers was greater than that of those consuming one to two drinks per day. In two studies, one from the United States and one from Australia, the maximum contribution to the prevalence of hypertension of alcohol consumption greater than two drinks per day was estimated to be 5 to 7%; the contribution in men (11%) was greater than that in women because of their greater alcohol consumption. A prospective association of alcohol consumption with change in blood pressure was observed in five studies. In a small number of experimental studies, short-term falls in blood pressure accompanied alcohol restriction in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Uncontrolled observations in heavy drinking populations suggest that the effect on blood pressure of alcohol withdrawal may be lasting. However, firm conclusions about the long-term effects of alcohol restriction, particularly in moderate consumers who represent a large proportion in many populations, must await long-term controlled trials.
Hypertension 1987 Feb
PMID:Alcohol consumption and hypertension. 354 18

Detailed drinking histories were taken in 38 patients in whom dilated cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by cardiac catheterisation and left ventricular biopsy. On the basis of the drinking history twenty patients were classified as being in an abstinent or light drinking group and eighteen patients as being in a heavy drinking group (daily alcohol intake in excess of 80 g or cumulative lifetime intake exceeding 250 kg). Activities of myocardial creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and aspartate amino-transferase were all higher in the heavy drinkers and myocardial enzyme activity correlated with cumulative lifetime alcohol intake, maximum daily intake, and recent daily intake. Activities of creatine kinase, alpha hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase correlated with ejection fraction, irrespective of the alcohol intake of the patient. These findings were not altered by exclusion of patients with hypertension. The results indicate that among patients with dilated cardiomyopathy there is a group characterised by a high alcohol intake and raised myocardial tissue enzymes which supports the concept of alcoholic heart muscle disease as a distinct entity.
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PMID:Relation between alcohol intake, myocardial enzyme activity, and myocardial function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Evidence for the concept of alcohol induced heart muscle disease. 373 Feb 17

Alcohol might contribute to stroke in several ways: induction of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac wall motion abnormalities which predispose to cerebral embolism, induction of hypertension, enhancement of platelet aggregation and activation of the clotting cascade, and reduction of cerebral blood flow by stimulation of cerebral vascular smooth muscle contraction or by altering cerebral metabolism. While these pathophysiological mechanisms have gained enthusiastic experimental and theoretical support, the findings are preliminary and will require further large-scale clinical and epidemiological analyses to substantiate their roles as causal factors or potentiators of stroke. Documentation of measurable platelet and coagulation cascade abnormalities reported in healthy volunteers who have ingested alcohol will need to be confirmed on a broader scale in stroke patients with recent ethanol consumption. The risk of stroke in those with alcohol-induced atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathy must be ascertained for the general population. While the experimental evidence is exciting and provocative, epidemiological evidence also suggests a link between alcohol consumption and stroke. Regular alcohol ingestion is associated with hypertension, fatal and nonfatal intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and increased risk of death from stroke. Recent, less stringently controlled studies suggest that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cerebral infarction in young adults with occasional ethanol intoxication and middle-aged women and young men with occasional alcohol intoxication and regular heavy drinking. Alcohol may also be a risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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PMID:Alcohol and stroke. 381 Jul 63

Among the first screened 2439 males born in 1926 and 1927, aged 48-49 years at the time of screening and representing 76% of these age cohorts, uncontrolled or partly controlled hypertension was found in 7.5%. Of these individuals, 30% preferred to remain with their physicians, regardless of the degree of control they had achieved. Among those who were referred to the Hypertension Unit (5.2% of the screened population), elevated S-GT levels (greater than or equal to 1.10 mukat/l) were found in 38.3%, against 18.5% in the two cohorts. During 24 months of treatment and follow-up only two men among the entire group of hypertensives referred dropped out, both were heavy drinkers (greater than 80 g alcohol daily). The mean BP after treatment was significantly lower among men with normal than high S-GT values or in those who admitted to heavy drinking. Of the 99 males treated for more than two years, 82 (83%) were responders (supine DBP less than or equal to 95 mmHg). Of the non-responders, 70% were either heavy drinkers or had abnormal S-GT values. The possible role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension in middle-aged males is discussed.
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PMID:Hypertension, levels of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and degree of blood pressure control in middle-aged males. 610 14

The frequencies of several factors, including major physical disease, in employed and unemployed men enrolled in the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) have been compared. The BRHS is a prospective study of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men selected at random from general practices in twenty-four towns. The unemployed group was subdivided into those who said they were unemployed because of ill-health and those who regarded their unemployment as not due to illness. The ill unemployed reported a much higher rate of doctor-diagnosed illnesses than the not-ill unemployed or the employed. The frequencies of bronchitis, obstructive lung disease, and ischaemic heart disease were higher in the unemployed than the employed, with the highest rates in the ill unemployed. The frequency of hypertension was the same in employed and unemployed men. Cigarette smoking and heavy drinking were apparently more common among the unemployed, but after adjustment for social class and town of residence only smoking was slightly higher among the unemployed. Use of tranquillisers was three to four times more common in the ill unemployed than in the not-ill unemployed or the employed. In this study, the unemployed had far more chronic physical illnesses than the employed, whether or not the employed men regarded themselves as ill. Studies of the health consequences of unemployment must allow for the pre-existing state of health, and evidence on the state of health cannot rely solely on self-reporting of illness.
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PMID:Health of unemployed middle-aged men in Great Britain. 612 28

The association between alcohol consumption and hypertension was studied in 11,899 men aged 40-55 years. The prevalence of hypertension among heavy drinkers was significantly higher than among those who did not drink heavily. Heavy drinking was defined as consumption of five or more drinks daily or four or more drinks daily. A total of 136 persons fulfilled the five drinks or more per day definition and 230, the four drinks daily definition. The population-attributable risk of hypertension contributed by heavy drinking, depending on the diagnostic criteria used to define each endpoint, varied from 3 to 12 percent. There is reason to suspect that the contribution of alcohol to hypertension in the general population may be somewhat higher at the present time than in the late 1950s when the study was conducted. Moderation of alcohol consumption, in addition to weight reduction and salt restriction, is another important nonpharmacological means to control hypertension.
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PMID:The population attributable risk of hypertension from heavy alcohol consumption. 642 32

The association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors, the association between alcohol consumption and the incidence of high blood pressure, and the association between alcohol consumption and mortality, both all-cause and cause-specific, were examined in the white males from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company study and the Chicago Western Electric Company study. In both studies, there was a significant cross-sectional association between heavy alcohol use--defined as problem drinking in the Gas Company and as consumption of six or more drinks per day in the Western Electric Company--and the level of blood pressure and high blood pressure. In addition, in 1340 normotensive men ages 27-64 years from the Gas Company and in 871 normotensive men ages 40-55 years from the Western Electric Company, a significant prospective relationship was shown, for the first time, between heavy drinking and risk of developing high blood pressure. In the Gas Company, among 1233 men ages 40-59 years, 38 problem drinkers had significantly higher 15-year mortality from all causes, the cardiovascular diseases and coronary heart disease than the rest of the men. In the Western Electric study, 78 men who consumed six or more drinks per day had significantly higher 17-year mortality from all causes, the cardiovascular diseases and coronary heart disease, cancer and all other causes than the rest of all men.
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PMID:Alcohol, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality: the Chicago experience. 726 Dec 97

The association of snoring with some cardiovascular risk factors was studied cross-sectionally by a postal survey among 3750 males aged 40-59 years. In univariate analyses, snoring associated statistically significantly (P < 0.01) with hypertension, smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol use, physical inactivity, dyspnoea, hostility and morning tiredness. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusted by age, snoring associated significantly with smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, hostility and morning tiredness. When smoking was excluded from the multivariate model, alcohol use was also associated significantly with snoring. The association of snoring with smoking, and with obesity seemed to be almost independent from other studied correlates of snoring. Our results indicate that in further studies on predictive value of snoring with regard to coronary heart disease and stroke, the associations of snoring with hypertension, smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol use, physical inactivity and hostility have to be considered, as these risk characteristics may cause confounding effects.
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PMID:Snoring and cardiovascular risk factors. 782 98

The role of hypertension in the increased rate of heart attack reported in vigorously active subjects was examined in a large prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns (The British Regional Heart Study). Analyses were restricted to 5694 men with no evidence of pre-existing ischaemic heart disease or stroke at screening, in whom there were 311 major ischaemic heart disease events after 9.5 years follow-up. Risk of major ischaemic heart disease events decreased significantly with increasing physical activity to levels of moderate/moderately vigorous activity, with a 50% reduction in risk compared with inactive men after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, heavy drinking, social class and blood cholesterol. However, at the highest level of physical activity (vigorous group) risk of major ischaemic heart disease events was increased above that seen in the moderate/moderately vigorous group (rr = 1.68, P = 0.05). When separated into normotensives (n = 3888) and hypertensives (n = 1806; SBP > or = 160 mmHg or DBP > or = 90 mmHg or on regular antihypertensive treatment), the increased risk of major ischaemic heart disease events in the vigorous group was only evident in hypertensive men. They showed more than a twofold increase in risk compared with the moderate and moderately vigorous group (rr = 2.7, P < 0.05). In normotensive men, risk was significantly lowered in those engaged in moderate activity with no further decline in rate of heart attack at increasing levels of physical activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Physical activity, hypertension and risk of heart attack in men without evidence of ischaemic heart disease. 815 4

In INTERSALT, the International Cooperative Study on Electrolytes and Blood Pressure, three centres located in the People's Republic of China (PRC) had distinctive patterns of BP and of life style variables that, in INTERSALT overall, were found to relate to BP. The PRC centres had low body mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption but high urinary sodium and sodium/potassium ratio (Na/K). Compared with 45 other INTERSALT centres, average BMI was 22.7 vs. 25.4 and alcohol consumption was 32% vs. 61%, with heavy drinking 3% vs. 14%. However, Na/K in the PRC was 6.7 vs. 3.2 in the other centres. This combination of factors may underlie the BP pattern observed. While mean BP in the PRC was lower than in the 45 centres (-7.0 mmHg SBP, -5.6 mmHg for DBP), this was counterbalanced by other findings. Upward slope of systolic pressure with age was 45% greater for the PRC than the other centres and 24% greater for diastolic pressure. As a result, although percentage hypertensive for ages 20-49 years for the PRC was half that in the 45 centres (6% vs. 12%), by age 50-59 years the prevalence was 31% in the PRC and 38% in the other centres. Hypertension prevalence in Tianjin, with highest Na/K in INTERSALT (7.6) was 40% for ages 50-59 years. While sample size in individual centres does not provide power to demonstrate aetiological relationships, these findings permit formulation of the following hypothesis: although lower body mass and lower alcohol intake may counteract to some degree impact of high salt intake, such intake over decades eventually takes its toll on BP.
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PMID:Blood pressure and life style in the People's Republic of China: three samples in the INTERSALT Study. 826 82


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