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 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The encephalopathy is characterized by an important arteriosclerotic involvement of the vessels of the cerebral white matter and a diffuse subcortical demyelination, sparing the cortex. The diagnosis is presently possible, ante mortem, by connecting the clinical picture with the CT scan findings, which are essential. Three cases with Binswanger encephalopathy are reported and the following picture was found: age 50 to 70 years old at the onset; dementia with scanty neurological signs; systemic arterial hypertension; subacute course of the disease; and a CT scan, highly characteristic, that shows bilateral and symmetric subcortical hypodensity. In one of the patients, that eventually died, an angiography disclosed a right internal carotid thrombosis and a diminished flow in the thalamic striate arteries in both sides. The other two patients are apparently stabilized with anti-hypertensive medication. Binswanger encephalopathy is still seldom described in spite of being a very well defined entity. This diagnosis should be considered much more frequently because it is possible to prevent the encephalopathy avoiding systemic hypertension that is probably intimately linked with the genesis of the disease.
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PMID:[Binswanger's subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: a special form of dementia associated with systemic arterial hypertension]. 359 34

Recently, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is stressed as an unusual and infrequent cause of cerebral infarct or intracerebral hemorrhage. This report described a case of cerebral amyloid angiopathy complicated by multiple cerebral infarcts and multiple intracerebral hemorrhages. This 70-year-old man was admitted to our hospital on November 10, 1984 for evaluation of the gradual onset of dysarthria. Examination showed only slight dysarthria. There was no history of hypertension or dementia. A computed tomography (CT) showed enlarged ventricles with cortical atrophy and multiple low-density lesions, deep in the left frontal, left parietal, right parietal lobes, and in the both basal ganglias. The patient discharged from the hospital with only slight dysarthria. On November 20, 1984, he was admitted to our hospital again, because he was found unresponsive on the floor. He was somnolent but arousable. Examination showed disorientation, impairment of recent memory and impairment of calculation, A CT scan demonstrated three small intracerebral hemorrhages in the left frontal, right parietal lobes and left basal ganglia. On the fifth hospital day he deteriorated acutely, becoming semicomatose and hemiparetic on the right side. A repeated CT scan showed two new intracerebral hemorrhages in the left frontal lobe. Cerebral angiograms showed only minimal changes due to the occupying lesions in the above mentioned area. The hematomas was evacuated via left fronto-parietal craniotomy. The specimens removed with hematoma (stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Congo red and thioflavin T) showed extensive amyloid angiopathy. Postoperatively he made a good recovery, although he had residual mental dysfunctions. He expired by pneumonia on March 30, 1985.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy complicated by multiple cerebral infarcts and intracerebral hemorrhages: case report]. 361 33

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly have demonstrated the common occurrence of deep white-matter lesions in the aging brain. These radiologic lesions (leukoaraiosis) may represent an early marker of dementia. At autopsy, an ischemic periventricular leukoencephalopathy (Binswanger's disease) has been found in most cases. The clinical spectrum of Binswanger's disease appears to range from asymptomatic radiologic lesions to dementia with focal deficits, frontal signs, pseudobulbar palsy, gait difficulties, and urinary incontinence. The name senile dementia of the Binswanger type (SDBT) is proposed for this poorly recognized, vascular form of subcortical dementia. The SDBT probably results from cortical disconnection most likely caused by hypoperfusion. In contrast, multi-infarct dementia is correlated with multiple large and small strokes that cause a loss of over 50 to 100 mL of brain volume. The periventricular white matter is a watershed area irrigated by long, penetrating medullary arteries. Risk factors for SDBT are small-artery diseases, such as hypertension and amyloid angiopathy, impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the elderly, and periventricular hypoperfusion due to cardiac failure, arrhythmias, and hypotension. The SDBT may be a potentially preventable and treatable form of dementia.
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PMID:Senile dementia of the Binswanger type. A vascular form of dementia in the elderly. 362 88

Thirty-one (16 women, 15 men; mean age 68 years) of 1,000 consecutive patients with an ischemic stroke investigated systematically with computed tomography (CT), Doppler, electrocardiography (ECG), and biological tests had a diffuse hypodensity of the cerebral hemispheric white matter on CT, a sign indicative of leukoencephalopathy. In 25 of the 31 patients, the acute infarct was deep. Leukoencephalopathy was more frequent in patients with a deep infarct (8%) than in patients in whom the cortex was involved (0.8%) (p less than 0.01). A history of progressive intellectual impairment (23%) and the finding of a mild or moderate impairment, or severe dementia (84%) were more frequent in study patients (p less than 0.05) than in 31 sex- and age-matched controls with an acute infarct of same size and topography but without leukoencephalopathy. A history of hypertension (81%) and high blood pressure on admission (166 +/- 19/96 +/- 12 mm Hg) were the most common risk factors and were more frequent in study patients (p less than 0.05) than in controls. On the other hand, study patients had a greater than or equal to 50% stenosis or occlusion of the carotid artery (13%) less often than controls (35%) (p less than 0.05). Diabetes (23%), elevated blood cholesterol (13%), hematocrit greater than 45% (23%), smoking (32%), and myocardial ischemia by history or ECG (45%) did not differ. These findings suggest that hypertension may be more strongly associated with leukoencephalopathy than with deep infarcts. In acute stroke patients, leukoencephalopathy on CT should not be considered a fortuitous finding.
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PMID:Leukoencephalopathy in patients with ischemic stroke. 362 48

Of 1,643 cranial computed tomography (CT) scans done in a primary-tertiary care private hospital over a 1-year period, 11 (0.67%) showed diffuse confluent white matter lucencies of less than 30 Hounsfield units. By retrospective analysis, at least 4 of the 11 were demented. Of these, 3 had clinical evidence of Binswanger's disease--characterized by progressive dementia, incontinence, variable pseudobulbar signs, and acute and subacute motor deficits. Two additional patients suffered only transient ischemic attacks or lacunar strokes; 2 had syncope; 1 had multiple sclerosis. The remaining patients were neurologically asymptomatic. In this small retrospective series, the severity of CT changes did not distinguish the patients with clinical Binswanger's syndrome from neurologically less symptomatic patients. Ten of the eleven patients had disordered blood pressure regulation--hypertension, labile systolic pressure, orthostatic hypotension, or a combination of these factors. The severity of CT changes correlated more clearly with blood pressure instability than with clinical encephalopathy. Asymptomatic adult patients with unexplained CT white matter hypodensity and blood pressure disorders may, however, be at risk for the development of subsequent subacute arteriosclerotic encephalopathy.
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PMID:White matter lucencies on computed tomography, subacute arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease), and blood pressure. 362 49

The participation of vascular disease in elderly dementia has been clarified to a significant degree in the past decade. The term multi-infarct dementia implies that severe mental impairment can result from thrombosis of large and medium arteries or from multifocal emboli of either cardiac or arterial origin. This is markedly different from the concept, which, unfortunately, is still the generally current view in the lay press, in some medical journals, and in advertisements of pharmaceutical companies, that gradual narrowing of cervical and cerebral arteries produces chronic hypoperfusion of the brain and is the basis of mental deterioration. This concept of generalized cerebral arteriosclerosis or arteriosclerotic dementia is no longer acceptable. Most patients with MID can be distinguished from those suffering from other types of dementia by employing a clinical ischemic score supplemented by electrophysiologic studies, CCT, and neuropsychological testing. Furthermore, the association of MID with severe hypertension and thromboembolism makes early diagnosis imperative, because appropriate treatment may arrest progression and even provide some improvement.
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PMID:Multi-infarct dementia. 371 68

A series of patients referred to the University of Western Ontario, London, Dementia Study for investigation of possible dementia underwent computed tomographic scans, psychometric testing (Extended Scale for Dementia [ESD]), and neurologic examination. Thirty-nine of the 113 patients studied (ischemic score, less than or equal to 4) were found to have leuko-araiosis, which we have defined as patchy or diffuse lucencies in the white matter. Patients with leuko-araiosis had significantly lower mean scores on the ESD, 109.7 +/- 61.2, compared with mean scores of 148.5 +/- 78.0 in those without. However, only a trend toward lower scores on the ESD was observed when age, sex, education, and infarct were taken into account in the analysis of covariance. Leuko-araiosis was found to be associated with increasing age, hypertension, abnormalities of power in the limbs, and extensor-plantar responses in this sample of patients. In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone, diagnosed clinically, 29 out of 91 demonstrated leuko-araiosis on computed tomography, but scores on the ESD in this group overall were not significantly different when those with and without leuko-araiosis were compared. In less advanced cases, however, a highly significant trend was evident for leuko-araiosis to be associated with increased dementia in AD. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that leuko-araiosis is associated with dementia in AD, and that this is either most marked or most easily identifiable before the dementia becomes very severe.
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PMID:Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (leuko-araiosis). 380 Jul 20

Patchy subcortical foci of increased signal intensity are frequently identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the elderly. The incidence and clinical correlates of these lesions remain unknown. In this report, 240 consecutive MRI scans performed over a 6-month period were reviewed (excluding patients with recent brain trauma or known demyelinating disease). Subcortical incidental lesions (ILs) were identified, which could not be accounted for by the patient's current clinical diagnosis, neurological status, or CT scan. The ILs were graded according to size, multiplicity, and location. The incidence and severity of ILs increased with advancing age (p less than 0.0005). Among patients over 50 years of age, the incidence and severity of ILs were correlated with a previous history of history of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (p less than 0.05) and with hypertension (p less than 0.05). Multivariable regression analysis identified age, prior brain ischemia, and hypertension as the major predictors of ILs in the elderly. Diabetes, coronary artery diseases, and sex did not play a significant role. With the exception of cerebrovascular disease, there was no association between ILs and any particular clinical entity, including dementia. It is concluded that subcortical parenchymal lesions are frequent incidental findings on MRI in the elderly, and may represent an index of chronic cerebrovascular diseases in such patients.
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PMID:Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors. 381 Jul 5

The relationship between cardiovascular disease and cerebral infarction was analysed in a prospectively assessed post mortem series of 48 demented patients. Hypertension was rare in this group of patients whose mean age was 82.7 y. Atrial fibrillation was the most important underlying cardiac abnormality. It is suggested that atrial fibrillation is more important than hypertension in the aetiology of cerebral infarction in the very aged and that this may be relevant to the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular dementia.
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PMID:Cerebrovascular disease in dementia: the importance of atrial fibrillation. 398 54

The prevalence and significance of clinical heart disease and hypertension were compared in three groups of elderly patients. One group was diagnosed as dementia of an Alzheimer's type (AD), another as multiinfarct dementia (MID), and the third as major depression. Clinical heart disease and hypertension were uncommon in the AD group with the prevalence being lower than that reported in most epidemiologic studies. Four percent of the AD patients had a history of myocardial infarction, 5% angina, 1% arrhythmias, and 3% heart failure. Electrocardiographic changes of an old myocardial infarction were present in 9%, atrial fibrillation in 1%, and left ventricular hypertrophy in 3%. A history of hypertension was present in 24% of the AD patients. In comparison, a history of myocardial infarction, angina, and heart failure was five times greater, and electrocardiographic abnormalities were twice as prevalent in the MID group. A history of hypertension was three times more common and actual blood pressure readings were higher. In the depression group heart disease was not uncommon and the prevalence, in general, was comparable with the MID group. However, a history of increased blood pressure and actual increased blood pressure readings were statistically less than in the MID group.
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PMID:Prevalence and significance of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in elderly patients with dementia and depression. 401 97


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