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Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis can cause ischaemic nephropathy and arterial hypertension. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) continues to be a problem for clinicians, with no clear consensus on how to investigate and assess the clinical significance of stenotic lesions and manage the findings. RAS caused by fibromuscular dysplasia is probably commoner than previously appreciated, should be actively looked for in younger hypertensive patients and can be managed successfully with angioplasty. Atheromatous RAS is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular events and increased cardiovascular mortality, and is likely to be seen with increasing frequency. Many patients with RAS may be managed effectively with medical therapy for several years without endovascular stenting, as demonstrated by randomized, prospective trials including the cardiovascular outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) trial, the Angioplasty and Stenting for Renal Artery Lesions (ASTRAL) trial. These trials share the limitation of excluding subsets of patients with high-risk clinical presentations, including episodic pulmonary edema and rapidly progressing renal failure and hypertension. Blood pressure control and medication adjustment may become more difficult with declining renal function and may prevent the use of angiotensin receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The objective of this review is to evaluate the current management of RAS for cardiologists in the context of recent randomized clinical trials. There is now interest in looking more closely at patient selection for intervention, with focus on intervening only in patients with the highest-risk presentations such as flash pulmonary edema, rapidly declining renal function and severe resistant hypertension.
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PMID:[Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis]. 2545 Sep 92

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is known to be one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension, and early nonrandomized studies suggested that renal artery stenting (RASt) improved outcomes. The vascular community embraced this less invasive treatment alternative to surgery, and RASt increased in popularity during the late 1990s. However, recent randomized studies have failed to show a benefit regarding blood pressure or renal function when RASt was compared with best medical therapy, creating significant concerns about procedural efficacy. In the wake of these randomized trial results, hypertension and renal disease experts along with vascular interventional specialists now struggle with how to best manage atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. This review objectively analyzes the current literature and highlights each trial's design weaknesses and strengths. We have provided our recommendations for contemporary treatment guidelines based on our interpretation of the available empirical data.
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PMID:Update on intervention versus medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. 2600 32

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and overall mortality. Manifestations of ARAS include resistant or malignant hypertension, progressive deterioration of renal function, and cardiac dysfunction syndromes of flash pulmonary edema and angina. Diagnosis rests upon non-invasive studies such as duplex ultrasonography and is confirmed using invasive renal arteriography. Regardless of the severity of ARAS, management of this entity has been a topic of contentious debate. For over two decades, the use of percutaneous revascularization to treat ARAS has been studied with various clinical trials. Though case series seem to demonstrate favorable clinical response to revascularization, the overwhelming majority of randomized clinical trials have not mirrored a robust outcome. In these trials, poor correlation is noted between the reduction of stenosis and the improvement of renovascular hypertension and glomerular filtration rate, and decrease in cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. With dichotomizing results, the explanation for these discrepant findings has been attributed to improper trial design and inappropriate patient selection. An overview of the treatment options available will be provided, with a focus on the methodology and design of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of percutaneous revascularization. Emphasis is placed on appropriate patient selection criteria, which may necessitate the use of hemodynamic lesion assessment and clinical correlation based on individualized care. When clinical equipoise exists between optimal medical therapy and revascularization, the current paradigm supports ongoing medical therapy as the treatment of choice. However, renal artery stenting remains a viable therapeutic option for those who continue to have clinical syndromes consistent with renal hypoperfusion while adequately treated with optimal medical therapy. Despite observational studies suggesting clinical benefit for this specific patient population, there remains a paucity of randomized clinical trial data. Further trials targeting the patients who are inadequately treated with optimal medical therapy need to be undertaken to confirm the efficacy of revascularization.
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PMID:Renal Artery Stenosis: Optimal Therapy and Indications for Revascularization. 2623 38

For many years and even decades, a diagnostic work-up to look for a secondary form of hypertension, particularly of renovascular origin, has been a central tenet in medicine. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is considered the most common cause of renovascular hypertension. However, advances in understanding the complex pathophysiology of this condition and the recently documented futility of renal revascularization bring into question whether atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis truly causes "renovascular hypertension." From a clinical point of view, a clear distinction should be made between hypertension associated with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Most patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis do not have a form of hypertension that is remediable or improved by angioplasty; to expose them to the cost, inconvenience, and risk of a diagnostic work-up add up to little more than a wild goose chase. However, with very few exceptions, medical therapy with antihypertensives and statins remains the cornerstone for the management of patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and hypertension.
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PMID:Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis and Hypertension: Pragmatism, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. 2652 97

Purpose. Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end stage renal disease in the United States. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is commonly observed in diabetic patients and impacts the rate of renal and cardiovascular disease progression. We sought to test the hypothesis that renovascular hypertension, induced by unilateral renal artery stenosis, exacerbates cardiac remodeling in leptin-deficient (db/db) mice, which serves as a model of human type II diabetes. Methods. We employed a murine model of renovascular hypertension through placement of a polytetrafluoroethylene cuff on the right renal artery in db/db mice. We studied 109 wild-type (non-diabetic, WT) and 95 db/db mice subjected to renal artery stenosis (RAS) or sham surgery studied at 1, 2, 4, and 6+ weeks following surgery. Cardiac remodeling was assessed by quantitative analysis of the percent of myocardial surface area occupied by interstitial fibrosis tissue, as delineated by trichrome stained slides. Aortic pathology was assessed by histologic sampling of grossly apparent structural abnormalities or by section of ascending aorta of vessels without apparent abnormalities. Results. We noted an increased mortality in db/db mice subjected to RAS. The mortality rate of db/db RAS mice was about 23.5%, whereas the mortality rate of WT RAS mice was only 1.5%. Over 60% of mortality in the db/db mice occurred in the first two weeks following RAS surgery. Necropsy showed massive intrathoracic hemorrhage associated with aortic dissection, predominantly in the ascending aorta and proximal descending aorta. Aortas from db/db RAS mice showed more smooth muscle dropout, loss of alpha smooth muscle actin expression, medial disruption, and hemorrhage than aortas from WT mice with RAS. Cardiac tissue from db/db RAS mice had more fibrosis than did cardiac tissue from WT RAS mice. Conclusions. db/db mice subjected to RAS are prone to develop fatal aortic dissection, which is not observed in WT mice with RAS. The db/db RAS model provides the basis for future studies directed towards defining basic mechanisms underlying the interaction of hypertension and diabetes on the development of aortic lesions.
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PMID:Cardiovascular manifestations of renovascular hypertension in diabetic mice. 2692 44

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is one of the most relevant long-term complications of atherosclerotic disease. It is associated both with hypertension and increased renal and cardiovascular risk and overall mortality. Diagnostic modalities include non-invasive duplex ultrasound, dynamic magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computer tomography angiography (CTA) and are confirmed by using invasive renal angiography. Percutaneous revascularization of renal artery stenosis has been studied in various clinical trials. With regard to hypertension, several case series could show a clinical response to revascularization. However, the majority of randomized clinical trials could not confirm the correlation between intervention and the improvement of hypertension, kidney function, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Based on this predication the crucial tool in the treatment of ARAS is an optimal medical therapy, including statins, antihypertensive agents and platelet inhibition. Today the core point is to select subgroups and appropriate indications for better outcomes and avoiding unnecessary procedures very carefully. Therefore in patients with typical manifestations of ARAS including resistant or malignant hypertension, progressive decline of renal function, flash pulmonary edema or angina, renal artery intervention remains a sensible therapeutic option - after hemodynamic testing prior to revascularization. In the future further trials targeting patients who fulfill rational selection criteria need to be undertaken to confirm the efficacy of revascularization.
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PMID:Renal Artery Stenosis - are there Patients who Benefit from Intervention? 2721 92

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the leading cause of secondary hypertension; it can also cause progressive renal insufficiency and cardiovascular complications such as refractory heart failure and flash pulmonary edema. Medical therapy including risk factor modification, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists, lipid lowering agents, and antiplatelet therapy is the first line of treatment in all patients. Patients with uncontrolled renovascular hypertension despite optimal medical therapy, ischemic nephropathy, and cardiac destabilization syndromes who have severe renal artery stenosis are likely to benefit from renal artery revascularization. Screening for renal artery stenosis can be done with Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. Invasive physiologic measurements are useful to confirm the severity of renal hypoperfusion and therefore improve the selection patients likely to respond to renal artery revascularization. Primary patency exceeds 80% at 5 years and surveillance for in-stent restenosis can be done with periodic clinical, laboratory, and imaging follow-up.
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PMID:Renal Artery Stenosis: When to Revascularize in 2017. 2832 53

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) can cause resistant hypertension, progressive renal failure and/or cardiorenal syndrome. Although no randomized study to demonstrate the superiority of renal stenting over medical treatment is available, a case-sensitive approach is required for the treatment of ARAS. Here, we describe a case report of a symptomatic ARAS patient with a solitary functioning kidney in which successful detection of ARAS by ultrasonography examination with the Doppler method and timely renal artery stenting were performed. <Learning objective: The clinical efficacy of renal artery stenting for symptomatic ARAS as a method of lowering blood pressure and preventing deterioration in renal function remains unproven. However, renal artery stenting performed based on enough investigation of clinical course and information by ultrasonography examination with Doppler method results in benefit to the patient with ARAS.>.
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PMID:Marked improvement of renal failure and severe hypertension after renal artery stenting in the solitary functioning kidney. 3053 29

Few applications of angioscopy for evaluating atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta have been described. We report the demonstration of atherosclerotic yellow plaque by nonobstructive angioscopy in a patient with left renal artery stenosis. Computed tomography angiography showed stenosis in one of the left renal arteries in a 65-year-old man who presented with renal impairment and hypertension. Invasive selective renal angiography indicated severe stenosis in the proximal portion of the inferior left renal arteries. Intravascular ultrasound demonstrated eccentric plaque with predominant low-density plaque with calcification as the culprit. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty with stent implantation of the left renal artery was performed. Nonobstructive angioscopy demonstrated a grade 3 yellow culprit plaque at the proximal end of the stent, and grade 2 and grade 1 yellow plaques as the culprit plaques at the middle and distal portions of the artery, respectively. <Learning objective: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis characterized by lipid-rich plaque and yellow plaque was diagnosed by intravascular imaging, such as intravascular ultrasound and angioscopy. As the stenosis was hemodynamically significant, percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty was successfully performed. Nonobstructive angioscopy may be potentially applied for monitoring of transluminal ablation of the renal artery sympathetic nerves during drug-resistant hypertension.>.
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PMID:Nonobstructive angioscopy in patient with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. 3054 75

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the leading cause of secondary hypertension and may lead to resistant (refractory) hypertension, progressive decline in renal function, and cardiac destabilization syndromes (pulmonary edema, recurrent heart failure, or acute coronary syndromes) despite guideline-directed medical therapy. Although randomized controlled trials comparing medical therapy with medical therapy and renal artery stenting have failed to show a benefit for renal artery stenting, according to comparative effectiveness reviews by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the trials may not have enrolled patients with the most severe atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, who would be more likely to benefit from renal stenting. Because of limitations of conventional angiography, it is critical that the hemodynamic severity of moderately severe (50% to 70%) atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis lesions be confirmed on hemodynamic measurement. The authors review techniques to optimize patient selection, to minimize procedural complications, and to facilitate durable patency of renal stenting. The authors also review the current American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions appropriate use criteria as they relate to renal stenting.
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PMID:When and How Should We Revascularize Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis? 3089 48


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