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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The beneficial effects of combined estrogen-progestin-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) include prevention of pregnancy (less than 1 failure out of 100 regular users); the prevention of ectopic pregnancy; the reduction of preeclampsia (2.4 times lower risk compared with barrier methods); and reduction of pelvic inflammation to about one-half. The effects on menstruation include the reduction of sideropenic anemia (by lowering the incidence and duration of menstruation, OCs reduce the loss of iron to 50% or to as much as 33%); dysmenorrhea by 40% (symptoms receded in 90% of users); and premenstrual syndrome by 30%. OCs exert a favorable effect on menstrual epilepsy; reduce sports-related accidents in the premenstrual and menstrual periods; and reduce intermenstrual bleeding. The protection from cancer includes the lowering of endometrial cancer risk (every 2 years of use reduces the risk by 38%, 12 years of use by 70%, and the beneficial effects last 3-15 years); reduction of the risk of the ovarian cancer (already 3-6 months of use reduces the risk by 30%, and more than 5 years by 50% in women under 50 years of age with a longterm effect of 10 years or more, which drops sharply in women over 60 who are mostly at risk). Among other beneficial effects, they reduce benign mastopathy by 50-75%; reduce the risk of follicular ovarian cysts to 50% and the risk of corpus luteal ovarian cysts to 1/5; and they lessen bone loss which favorably affects osteoporosis. Low-dose OCs minimize the well-known risks of thrombotic and cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, hypertension, altered carbohydrate metabolism, gallbladder diseases, and liver cancer. A new OC with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol was tested with daily doses of 150 mcg of desogestrel. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) either increased or did not change with desogestrel: the HDL2 subfraction that protects from atherosclerosis did not change, and probably the HDL3 raised the HDL level.
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PMID:[Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception]. 181 41

The current decade has witnessed an increasing interest in the diet-cancer issue as a central one for public health. Notwithstanding a substantial amount of epidemiological investigations, firm evidence of carcinogenicity exists only for alcoholic beverages with respect to cancers at several sites, and for aflatoxin with respect to liver cancer; also, the relation is established between diet related excess of energy intake, as translated into obesity, and cancer of endometrium and gallbladder. For a number of other dietary factors the evidence for a causal or protective role still remains at a presumptive level (e.g. intake of fresh vegetables and fruits with respect to cancers at several sites), or is still frankly open to debate (e.g. fat with respect to breast and colon cancer). Methodological inadequacies in past studies have been identified and clearer results should derive in the coming decade from epidemiological investigations substantially improved in methodology, particularly from the long-term prospective studies as now planned by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Fortunately for cancer prevention, such dietary advice as can be derived from the highly incomplete and unsatisfactory knowledge on the role of dietary factors on cancer, turns out to be in broad agreement with the advice aimed at preventing other major diseases such as ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. This allows the issuing of a set of simple but important 'prudent diet' recommendations.
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PMID:The diet and cancer hypothesis: current trends. 223 43

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained from hybridoma clones established by cell fusion between P3X63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells of mice or rats hyperimmunized against human bladder cancer tissue or BC47 rat bladder cancer cells. RBS-31 and RBS-85 mouse MAbs and RBA-1 rat MAb were raised against BC47 cells and HBP-1 MAb was raised against human bladder cancer tissues. Urinary antigens detected by these MAbs were quantitatively assayed by means of ELISA using 50 microliters of 1:2 diluted urine samples. The cut-off value of the assay was set up as the mean + 4 X SD of the mean using data from the healthy individual urine samples. The reactivity of all healthy control urine samples were under the cut-off value (negative). By contrast, urine from bladder cancer patients reacted positively with the RBS-31 MAb at 72%, with the RBS-85 MAb at 63%, with the RBA-1 MAb at 51% and with the HBP-1 MAb at 35%. The urine samples from some patients with renal calculi, acute cystitis or complicated urinary tract infections showed only a weak reactivity with our MAbs. As for extra-bladder cancers, some patients with renal, renal pelvis, prostate or ureter cancer, but no patients with esophageal, gastric, colon or liver cancer or leukemia, had reactive urinary antigens.
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PMID:Increase in murine monoclonal-antibody-defined urinary antigens in patients with bladder cancer and benign urogenital disease. 267 68

This article describes a case of focal pedunculated nodular hyperplasia, a rare form of benign liver tumor, and reviews the literature on focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma. Focal pedunculated nodular hyperplasia is the rarest form of FNH and accounts for fewer than 20% of cases. Hepatocellular adenoma is usually a single encapsulated tumor ranging in size from 1-30 cm in diameter. FNH is usually also a single tumor which is always polylobed and multinodular. The size is variable and it is well defined although not encapsulated. Microscopically neither FNH nor hepatocellular adenoma has normal portal spaces or centrolobular veins. A peliose (intratumoral pseudomicrocysts) is often observed in oral contraceptive (OC) users in both cases. Atypical, dysplasic, or neoplasic cells are observed in about 10% of cases of hepatocellular adenoma but have never been reported in FNH. Considerable hypervascularization is found in hepatocellular adenoma but not in FNH, although in FNH large vascular pedicel may be observed at the periphery. Both tumors are most frequently seen in fertile aged women. Over 1/3 of cases of hepatocellular adenoma are discovered due to intraperitoneal bleeding. FNH is asymptomatic in 73.5% of cases and hemoperitoneum is very rare. The case reported was that of a 40-year-old woman with no significant medical history who had used a combined OC containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel for 6 years until 2 years previously, when she terminated use due to subsequently controlled hypertension. A 6-month history of menorrhagia was uncontrolled despite use of an OC containing levonorgestrel only. The liver tumor was discovered in the course of a total hysterectomy performed because of a large polymyomatous uterus associated with significant menorrhagia. The FNH was surgically removed 2 months later. The tumor was highly vascularized and connected to segment 4 by a voluminous pedicel containing numerous thick vascular elements. The postoperative course was smooth. The relationship between OC use and benign hepatic tumors is now well established. Their overall frequency has been estimated at 4.9/million women aged 15-45. The duration of exposure to OCs seems to be a determining factor. The risk is negligible at durations of OC use under 1 year but is multiplied by 7 for FNH and by 5 for hepatocellular adenoma after 5 years. EE, mestranol, and 19 norsteroids all seem to play etiologic roles. 58% of hepatocellular adenomas in OC users are discovered because of hemoperitoneum following rupture. Bleeding is usually massive and the mortality rate is about 6%. FNH is revealed by bleeding in 15% of cases in OC users and is asymptomatic in 49% of users. Tumor development depends on whether OC use is continued. It is not currently known whether the tumors tend in the long run to degenerate into hepatic carcinoma, and whether OC use plays a role. The occurrence of liver cancer in OC users does not seem to be greater than in the general population, but OC users are younger at diagnosis, their survival time is longer, and alpha fetoprotein levels are not elevated. Surveillance of OC users is difficult because FNH is so often asymptomatic. Periodic sonograms after 5 years of OC use may be indicated.
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PMID:[A rare form of benign tumor of the liver possibly related to the use of oral contraceptives: focal pediculated nodular hyperplasia]. 299 1

In this report, hepatic hemodynamics were studied by pulsed ultrasound doppler during the process of intrahepatic arterial angiotensin II infusion induced hypertension and chemoembolization (IHCE) in 20 liver cancer patients. It was found that at 90 seconds after I-HCE, tumor blood supply increased by an average of 1.786 times while the blood flow of proper hepatic artery decreased to an average of 0.5665 times of its original level. At the same time patients' peripheral blood pressure increased by 3.7kPa. It is evidenced that angiotensin II infusion augments blood flow to tumor region while decreases blood supply in healthy tissues.
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PMID:[Hepatic hemodynamic changes in liver cancer patients during intrahepatic arterial angiotensin II infusion induced hypertension and chemoembolization]. 777

Over the last couple of decades a reduction of estrogen by at least 80% in combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and much research have resulted in effective and safe contraception. We still do not know longterm effects of OCs however. OCs may protect against endometrial and ovarian cancer. A link between current OC use and liver cancer exists in areas where liver cancer is rare. An association between OC use and cervical cancer disappears when researchers control for sexual activity and barrier method use. Some research shows OC use increases the risk of breast cancer, while other research does not. There does appear to be an increased risk of breast cancer developing in women younger than 46 years of age and who have used OCs for at least 10 years. Women who have a preexisting cardiovascular condition and/or smoke should not use OCs. OC progestogens may impair glucose metabolism in healthy women, but just for 6 months. Women with diabetes mellitus can use OCs, but may need to increase insulin intake. OCs can cause hypertension in 4-5% of healthy women and worsen hypertension in about 9-16% of hypertensive women. Progestogen-only OCs have fewer systemic side effects than combined OCs, but often cause menstrual changes. Their long term effects are not yet known. Injectables containing a progestogen cause few, if any, adverse effects. The subdermal implant, Norplant, tends to cause menstrual disturbances, but is safe and effective. Progestogen - only vaginal rings are as effective as progestogen-only OCs, but menstrual irregularities are common. Failure rates for combined vaginal rings match those of combined OCs. Long-term effects of vaginal rings are not known. Postcoital contraception does not cause serious side effects, but may cause vomiting and menstrual irregularities. A levonorgestrel-releasing IUD is effective and reduces menstrual blood loss, sometimes resulting in amenorrhea. Hormonal injections in men are unlikely in the near future.
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PMID:Hormonal contraception. 829 64

Occupation and industry codes on death certificates from 23 states for 1984-1988 were used to evaluate mortality risks among white and nonwhite, male and female farmers. Proportionate mortality and proportionate cancer mortality ratios were calculated using deaths among nonfarmers from the same states to generate expected numbers. Among farmers there were 119,648 deaths among white men, 2,400 among white women, 11,446 among nonwhite men, and 2,066 among nonwhite women. Deficits occurred in all race-sex groups for infective and parasitic diseases, all cancer combined, lung cancer, liver cancer, diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, and emphysema. As reported in other studies, white male farmers had excesses of cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system, lip, eye, brain, and prostate. Excesses of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bone, and thyroid were new findings. Regional patterns were evident, particularly among white men. Significant excesses for accidents, vascular lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), and cancers of the prostate tended to occur in most geographic regions, while excesses for mechanical suffocation, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancers of the lip, brain, and the lymphatic and hematopoietic system were limited to the Central states. Increases among nonwhite men were similar to those in white men for some causes of death (vascular lesions of the CNS and cancers of the pancreas and prostate), but were absent for others (lymphatic and hematopoietic system, lip, eye, kidney, and brain). Women (white and nonwhite) had excesses for vascular lesions of the CNS, disease of the genitourinary system (white women only), and cancers of the stomach and cervix (nonwhite women only). Cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx was slightly elevated among women, and white women had nonsignificant excesses of multiple myeloma and leukemia. Excesses for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurred among white men and women, but not among nonwhites. Excesses for several types of accidental deaths were seen among all race-sex groups.
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PMID:Cancer and other causes of death among male and female farmers from twenty-three states. 850 51

A 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of a left upper abdominal mass. 131I-MIBG scintiscan revealed a left upper abdominal mass, and the patient's serum catecholamine level was very high. Our diagnosis was pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland. On Oct. 19, 1995, a left nephrectomy and adrenectomy were performed. The serum catecholamine level then decreased and blood pressure was normalized. Two years later, it became difficult to control the patient's hypertension, and multiple metastatic liver cancer was found by an abdominal CT scan. The diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma was confirmed by the accumulation of 131I-MIBG in the liver. We started CVD chemotherapy. After 10 cycles of this chemotherapy, the serum catecholamine level was almost normalized and the metastatic liver cancer was reduced to one-third in size.
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PMID:[Malignant pheochromocytoma with remarkable response to CVD chemotherapy--a case report]. 1089 22

This study evaluates the risk of mortality in a cohort of Italian alcoholics resident in a rural area characterised by traditional drinking habits. Individual vital status of the 1,037 patients enrolled at the Centro Alcologico in Arezzo during the 1979-1997 period has been traced. Causes of death (ICD-IX) have been retrieved from the Regional Mortality Register. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) have been computed according to gender and 5-year age group mortality rates of the general population resident in Tuscany during the same period. This cohort is representative of the traditional rural alcoholism of the Tuscany region based on wine consumption. Among the 9,190 person-years followed-up, 333 deaths have occurred, corresponding to approximately 2.6 fold the expected number of deaths (SMR males: 2.6; females: 2.4). In both genders, significantly high SMRs for liver cirrhosis, oesophagus and liver cancer are reported, while SMRs of cancers at all sites, oral and respiratory cancers, injuries as a whole, road and traffic accidents, and suicides are significantly elevated only among males. No relevant variation between expected and observed deaths for pancreatic diseases, colon cancer, female breast cancer, and, despite a large proportion of heavy smokers, for cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart diseases) has been recorded. This research confirms the high mortality among a cohort of Italian alcoholics. However, causes of death related with violence and trauma are proportionally less represented, in accordance with the social pattern of Mediterranean alcoholism. The absence of cardiovascular mortality risk in a wine-based cohort of alcoholics is an unexpected finding that requires to be further examined. Finally, to prevent smoking related deaths, alcohol addiction services should begin to introduce smoking cessation practices among treatment protocols.
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PMID:[Mortality in a cohort of alcoholics from Arezzo in 1979-1997]. 1141 4

A self-reported questionnaire on the health status, life habits, and social background was conducted at baseline in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC study). This report presents the outcome of the study regarding past or family history of various diseases, medical treatment, life habits such as physical labor or sports, and social background among study participants. In both cohorts I and II, prevalent past and family history included hypertension, stroke, and cancer, whereas the prevalence of coronary heart diseases was historically low. The prevalence of a past history of hypertension and stroke was higher in the northern part of Japan, Ninohe, and Yokote, and lower in Okinawa, compared to the other districts. The prevalence of participants with a history of stomach cancer and liver cancer was higher in Arikawa than in other districts. The frequency of participants who took medication from doctors ranged from 20% to 30%, higher in the Tohoku areas, and lower in Okinawa compared to the other districts. All districts showed a high rate of over 70% for the participation rate for basic health examination conducted by the local government, The rate was particularly high in the Tohoku area where a high prevalence of a history of hypertension was found. The frequency of persons who had a chance to participate in sports or physical exercise was high in Okinawa and Suita subcohort 2, although the mean total physical activity (both at work and for leisure time) was lowest in the latter subcohort. No substantial differences were found in compositions of personality among districts. The frequency of more active and positive persons, however, was relatively higher in urban areas and lower in Okinawa compared to the other districts. The association between the differences of health status, life habits, and social background and the occurrence of various lifestyle-related diseases will be clarified in a follow-up study within the JPHC study.
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PMID:Health status, life habits, and social background among the JPHC study participants at baseline survey. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. 1176 40


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