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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

People who refuse to eat meat animal products mostly adhere to vegetarianism, veganism, crudivorism or macrobiotism, But these food habits are only one part of life-style chosen for spiritual, ethic or hygienic and healthy motivations. Except vitamin B12 deficiencies these regimens do not produce other deficiencies if they are correctly followed and if the energy intake is in agreement with the RDA'S. They reduce the risks of metabolic diseases, coronaropathies, arterial hypertension, colon cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, kidney and gallstones. Nevertheless crudivorism and macrobiotism are associated with high risks of deficiencies especially in children and pregnant women.
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PMID:[Diet peculiarities. Vegetarianism, veganism, crudivorism, macrobiotism]. 206 9

50 patients, 31 male and 19 female with mean age of 45.1 +/- 9.4 years afflicted with blood hypertension (BH) were studied. RDA was performed on all of them as part of the etiological study. The variables evaluated were: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), therapy index (TI), evolution time of its BH and type of BH (refractory BH, severe BH, mild-moderate BH). The organ affliction was also evaluated (renal function, ECG, presence of cardiomyopathy, vascular disease, and retinopathy. RDA alteration appeared in 16 cases, 1 (10%) in refractory BH group, 8 (28.6%) in severe BH group, and 7 (58.3%) in mild-moderate BH group. A shorter BH evolution period having been observed in patients with altered RDA than in those with normal RDA (3.49 +/- 3.96 years vs 6.93 +/- 4.68 years p = 0.01). We conclude that only this variable is a feature for suspicion of renovascular BH, without an apparent difference between the results of RDA and those of I.V. urography, obtained during the diagnosis screening. The significant differences observed between the mild-moderate BH and the other groups suggests that the clinical suspicion, and not the severity of the BH, is the point which should determine the patients to be renovascularly explored.
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PMID:[Renal digital angiography in the study of hypertensive patients]. 210 18

A large-scale US survey has shown that the dietary magnesium intake tends to be lower than recommended. The suboptimal intake prevalent among US adults is consistent with the pattern observed in other North American and European surveys. Several factors are discussed, including the waterborne magnesium factor, the loss of magnesium during food refining and the magnesium content of vegetarian diets, as well as various metabolic situations, e.g., hypertension, pregnancy, osteoporosis, drug therapy, alcoholism, stress and cardiac trauma. The benefits of magnesium supplementation among those with sub-RDA intakes are illustrated.
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PMID:Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world. 351 57

Evidence to support an association between dietary calcium and blood pressure is presented in this article. Epidemiological surveys, animal experiments, and clinical trials support an inverse relationship between calcium and blood pressure. Several independent diet surveys have reported reduced consumption of calcium by individuals with hypertension. Animal experiments demonstrate an inverse correlation between calcium intake and blood pressure and reveal disturbances in calcium metabolism in hypertensive animals. Similar metabolic disturbances, including lower serum ionized calcium, elevated parathyroid hormone values, and increased urinary calcium excretion, have been reported in human hypertensives compared with normotensives. In addition, three recent experimental trials using 1 gm calcium carbonate supplements demonstrated that increasing calcium intake may reduce blood pressure in some human beings. Further clinical investigations are necessary to define the subset of patients who will respond to calcium therapy. Dietary sources of calcium to provide at least the RDA are recommended. Dairy products are suggested because in addition to calcium, they are valuable sources of potassium and magnesium, which may also lower blood pressure. If a patient cannot tolerate dairy products, oral calcium supplements are indicated.
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PMID:Increasing calcium intake lowers blood pressure: the literature reviewed. 396 54

A total of 113 subjects participated in a detailed nutritional and health surveys shortly before their retirement from work. Data were collected using: 7-day weighed dietary intakes; interview questionnaires including topics such as smoking, activity, stress-related factors, health history of subject and family, detailed consumption of alcohol; frequency of consumption of specific foods and drinks. Health screening included routine biochemical and haematological analyses and assessment of nutritional status. Mean nutrient intakes met the United Kingdom RDA although ranges were wide. Mean energy intakes for women (1730 kcal +/- 400 s.d.) were below the RDA of 1900 kcal; men met the RDA of 2400 kcal. Energy consumption was highest in the third period of the day (after 14.30 hours). The distribution of energy from protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol was 16, 42, 39 and 3 per cent respectively. The main food sources of nutrients are reported. A mean Quetelet index of 24.7 +/- 3.4 was found in women and 25.7 +/- 3.2 in men. Blood analysis indicated that a small proportion of the sample were outside expected ranges; this was most marked for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) where skewed distributions distorted the standard deviations. Prescribed medication was taken by 50 per cent of the sample; 33 per cent of the sample were cigarette smokers, 40 per cent had given up smoking, 27 per cent had never smoked cigarettes. Duplicate resting blood pressure readings showed a prevalence of hypertension. The data indicate areas of concern which should be dealt with at or before this stage of retirement from work.
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PMID:Nutrition and health at retirement age in the United Kingdom. 407 69

Toxemia of pregnancy is characterized by a combination of at least two of the following clinical symptoms: hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. In three successive trials over three consecutive years, the dietary intakes of a selected number of young pregnant women attending a Maternal and Infant Care Clinic at Tuskegee Institute were evaluated for protein, amino acids, and total calories. Women with toxemia were identified, and women without toxemia served as controls. The toxemic group generally consumed more protein than the controls, but values were statistically significant only in the first trial. However, all essential amino acids were consumed in significantly greater amounts by the toxemic group. Protein and essential amino acids were consumed in adequate amounts (at least two-thirds of the RDA) by both groups but in amounts smaller than the national average. Non-essential amino acids were also consumed in adequate amounts, with the toxemic group consuming larger quantities than the controls. Caloric intakes were adequate for young pregnant women. The relationships of glucosuria and of toxemia to protein and amino acid intake were similar and were opposite to the relationship of anemia to protein and amino acid intake. Meats and grains contributed the greatest quantity of protein and amino acids to the diet in all groups. Data seem to imply that any relationship of protein and amino acids with toxemia of pregnancy is a complex one involving several possibly interrelated nutritional parameters.
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PMID:Protein, amino acid, and caloric intakes of selected pregnant women. 721 57

Toxemia in pregnancy is characterized by a combination of at least two of the following clinical symptoms: hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. In this study the dietary intakes of young pregnant women attending a Maternal and Infant Care Program at Tuskegee Institute were evaluated for selected vitamins and minerals. Women with toxemia were identified, and women without toxemia served as controls. The toxemia group generally consumed lesser amounts of vitamins and minerals than the controls. However, both groups were deficient (less than two-thirds RDA) in calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and thiamin. Milk, meat, and grains supplied an appreciable proportion of each vitamin except vitamin A, which was found primarily in the two vegetable groups. Meat and grains contained the greatest quantities of minerals, but milk provided a relatively good proportion of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Anemia was not related to the incidence of toxemia. Women exhibiting anemia consumed smaller amounts of vitamins studied than did women without anemia.
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PMID:Intakes of vitamins and minerals by pregnant women with selected clinical symptoms. 725 6

A 300 kcal (1.25 MJ) diet of conventional food is described, which has been studied under in-patient conditions for four to six weeks. It contained 22.6 g protein, 34 g CHO and 6.9 g fat but not the full RDA of vitamins and minerals since this is impossible without supplementation. Hunger disappeared after the third day. Patients developed ketonuria and hyperuricemia; serum lipids were normalised and hypertension disappeared. The diet offers advantages in that it induces better nutritional knowledge and habits.
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PMID:A 300 kcal (1.2 MJ) diet using conventional food. 727 57

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are pivotal in the transfer, storage and utilization of energy; Mg2+ regulates and catalyzes some 300-odd enzyme systems in mammals. The intracellular level of free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) regulates intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis and structure, cell growth, reproduction, and membrane structure. Mg2+ has numerous physiological roles among which are control of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. Mg2+ modulates and controls cell Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticular membranes. Since the turn of this century, there has been a steady and progressive decline of dietary Mg intake to where much of the Western World population is ingesting less than an optimum RDA. Geographic regions low in soil and water Mg demonstrate increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary deficiency of Mg2+ results in loss of cellular K+ and gain of cellular Na+ and calcium ions (Ca2+). Blood normally contains Mg2+ bound to proteins, Mg2+ complexed to small anion ligands and free ionized Mg2+ (IMg2+). Most clinical laboratories only now assess the total Mg, which consists of all three Mg fractions. Estimation of the IMg2+ level in serum or plasma by analysis of ultrafiltrates (complexed Mg + IMg2+) is somewhat unsatisfactory, as the methods employed do not distinguish the truly ionized form from Mg2+ bound to organic and inorganic anions. Because the levels of these ligands can vary significantly in numerous pathological states, it is desirable to directly measure the levels of IMg2+ in complex matrices such as whole blood, plasma and serum. Using novel ion selective electrodes (ISE's), we have found that there is virtually no difference in IMg2+, irrespective of whether one samples whole blood, plasma or serum. These data demonstrate that the mean concentration of IMg2+ in blood is about 600 mumoles/litre (0.54-0.65 mmol/L, 95% Cl); 65-72% of total Mg being free or biologically-active Mg2+. Use of the NOVA and KONE ISE's for IMg2+ on plasma and sera from patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants, liver transplants, during and before cardiac surgery, ischemic heart disease [IHD], headaches, pregnancy, neonatal period, non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), end-stage renal disease [ESRD], hemodialyse [HEM], and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), hypertension, myocardial infarction [AMI] and after excessive dietary intake of Mg), has revealed interesting data. The results indicate that long-term renal transplant patients, headache, pregnant, NIDDM, ESRD, HEM, CAPD, AMI, hypertensive, and IHD subjects exhibit, on the average significant depression in IMg2+ but not TMg. Use of 31P-NMR spectroscopy on red blood cells, from several of these disease states, to assess free intracellular Mg ([Mg2+]i demonstrates a high correlation (r = 0.5-0.8) between IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, in human volunteers, resulted in significant elevations in serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of the above disease syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i were found. The ICa2+/IMg2+ ratio appears, from our data, to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction, ischemia or spasm and possibly atherogenesis. Overall, our data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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PMID:Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. 886 38

A cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken to investigate the macronutrient intake and cardiovascular risk factor profile of community-dwelling older coloured (mixed descent) South Africans. A sample of 200 subjects aged 65 years and above in Cape Town was randomly drawn using a two-stage cluster design. Trained field workers interviewed subjects to obtain demographic, dietary and life-style data, to draw fasting blood samples for the analysis of plasma lipids, and to take anthropometric measurements. Nutrient intake was assessed using a validated quantified food frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association. The mean daily energy intake was 7984 (3245) kJ and 6979 (2219) kJ for men and women, respectively. Twenty-nine per cent of the subjects had energy intakes less than two-thirds of the RDA. Dietary fat intake comprised 32.4% of total energy intake, which is in line with the prudent dietary guidelines. The inadequate fibre intake (mean = 17(8) g/day) was attributed to the low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Anthropometric assessment indicated that the women tended towards overnutrition, while the men appeared to be undernourished. Lipid profiles fell within the lower end of the moderate risk band for cardiovascular disease and a high prevalence of hypertension (71.7%) was identified. The survey findings indicate a need for health promotion activities to encourage increased physical activity levels and an increased consumption of vegetables, fruit, wholegrain cereals and low fat dairy products in this population.
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PMID:Macronutrient intake and cardiovascular risk factors in older coloured South Africans. 948 11


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