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 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this case-control study, the authors analyzed associations of uterine leiomyoma with atherogenic risk factors and potential sources of uterine irritation. The study included 318 case women with uterine leiomyoma that was first confirmed between 1990 and 1993 in the Baltimore, Maryland, area and 394 controls selected from women visiting the same gynecologists' offices for routine reasons. Telephone interviews were conducted with 77.8% of eligible cases and 78.0% of eligible controls. Compared with participants with no hypertension history, increased risks were observed among participants with any history of hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 2.8), hypertension requiring medication (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.1), hypertension diagnosed at ages less than 35 years (for hypertension requiring medication, OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.0, 7.6), and hypertension of 5 or more years' duration (for hypertension requiring medication, OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.2, 8.2). Estimates of associations with diabetes history were very imprecise but followed similar patterns. Adjusted associations were observed with pelvic inflammatory disease (three or more episodes vs. none: OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 0.9, 15.9), chlamydial infection (history vs. no history: OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 0.8, 13.7), and use of an intrauterine device when it caused infectious complications (use vs. no use: OR = 5.3; 95% CI: 1.8, 16.3). Risk of uterine leiomyoma was also associated in a graded fashion with frequency of perineal talc use (daily use vs. no use: OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.1). The authors conclude that nonhormonal factors may influence risk of uterine leiomyoma.
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PMID:Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. II. Atherogenic risk factors and potential sources of uterine irritation. 1179 Jun 83

Contraceptive implants are registered in over 60 countries and have been used by millions of women for three decades. This article reviews findings from observational studies on the safety of contraceptive implants and examines the risk of specific health outcomes. Fifty-five articles were reviewed, and the body of evidence for each health outcome was summarized. Available evidence suggests that contraceptive implants are safe and, overall, implant users do not experience adverse events at rates higher than women not using implants. With respect to specific outcomes, the evidence suggests no increased risks of pelvic inflammatory disease, decreased bone mineral density, anemia, thrombocytopenia, or death with implant use. The evidence was too limited to draw meaningful conclusions for neoplastic disease, cardiovascular events, and HIV/AIDS. Nonsignificantly elevated associations were reported for diabetes, serious mental disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. Conditions for which risks were marginally, yet significantly, elevated were hypertension and gall bladder disease.
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PMID:Safety of implantable contraceptives for women: data from observational studies. 1186 Oct 58

Ever since a gradual but significant reduction in the estrogenic and progestogenic components of oral contraceptives (OCs) was made, there has been a corresponding decrease in adverse effects associated with the pill. The beneficial effects include prevention of pregnancy, reduction in pelvic inflammatory disease, protection against ovarian/endometrial cancer and benign breast tumors and ovarian cysts, reduction in the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis among OC users, and regulation of the menstrual cycle. The adverse effects include diseases of the circulatory system (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypertension), possible carcinogenicity (breast, cervix, melanoma), pituitary adenomas, liver disorders, glucose metabolix effects (diabetes), vitamin status alteration, delay in return of menstruation and fertility, and a number of minor side effects (nausea, vomiting). Contraindications to OC use include history of malignancy of the breast or genital tract, venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accident, undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, focal migraine, or familial hyperlipidemia. The following situations require medical assessment before OCs are prescribed, and medical supervision if OCs are prescribed: age 40+, smoking and age over 35, mild hypertension or a history of hypertensive disease of pregnancy (toxemia), epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, history of bouts of depression, history of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in nulliparous women, and gallbladder disease. Problems could occur with OC use in the following situations: 1) lactation (ideally, OCs should be withheld until the child is weaned but if not possible, OCs should not be given until lactation is established); 2) drug interaction (other contraceptive form should be used when the patient is taking antibiotics or anticonvulsants); 3) tropical diseases (studies are still underway); 4) adolescence (very young girls should use other contraceptive method until regular menstruation is established); 5) postcoital contraception (limited use of steroids in emergency situation); and 6) hormonal pregnancy tests (use of oral steroids for pregnancy testing is not recommended). The 3 main types of OCs currently used are the combined estrogen and progestagen, the progestagen-only OC, and the triphasic OC. The lowest effective dose of a compound should be used, and healthy women may continue to use OCs for many years.
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PMID:Statement on steroidal oral contraceptives. 1226 73

The Copper-T 308A IUD, already popular in Europe and Canada, will soon be available in the US as a result of a new marketing arrangement between the device's developer, the Population Council, and GynoMed pharmaceutical, an independent company that distributes women's health products. Sales of the Copper-T 380A are expected to begin in early 1988. GynoMed has guaranteed that the public sector or clinic price will be half that in the private sector. The company plans to take a conservative, educational approach to the marketing of this new IUD. The device will be sold only to qualified physicians and family planning clinics who confirm that they have read a complete package of information of the product and will convey this information to potential acceptors. In addition, GynoMed and the Population Council have developed very explicit directions as to indications and contraindications of use of the Copper-T 308A. Specifically, women using the Copper-T 308A should be 25 years of age or older; be involved in a stable, monogamous sexual relationship; have had at least 1 child and preferably have completed childbearing; not have a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or any other sexually transmitted disease; and have ready access to medical facilities for follow-up treatment. The device is recommended for women who are breast feeding or cannot use oral contraceptives for reasons such as smoking or hypertension. The Copper-T 380A is considered the safest of all IUDs and has a higher efficacy rate (99.5/100 women/year) than the pill. The device is well accepted by users and has a 12-month continuation rate of at least 60%.
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PMID:Highly effective copper IUD will hit U.S. market in 1988. 1226 26

Progestins in oral contraceptives (OCs) produce potential complications, as well as noncontraceptive benefits, according to Robert A. Hatcher, MD, MPH, professor of gynecology and obstetrics, Emory University Medical School. Hatcher told CTU that lowering the progestin content in an OC may decrease complications, but could also decrease the benefits experienced by women. "The extent to which that will happen remains to be seen," he said. Hatcher cited the following potential complications of progestins in OC: hypertension; decreased levels of high density lipoproteins; acne; oily skin; headaches between pill cycles; dilated leg veins; pelvic congestion syndrome; thrombosis of superficial leg veins; gallstones; Monilia vaginitis; cholestatic jaundice; and depression, fatigue, and decreased libido. Progestins, according to Hatcher, also produce these noncontraceptive benefits: protection against PID; decreased dysmenorrhea; decreased menstrual blood loss, decreased iron deficiency anemia; protection against endometrial cancer; protection against fibrocystic breast disease, and fibroadenomas of the breast; decreased bleeding from fibroids; decreased growth of fibroids. When ovulation is suppressed, Hatcher emphasized, additional benefits that may occur include the following: decreased risk of functional ovarian cysts; elimination of mittleschmerz pain; decreased rick of ovarian cancer; protection against endometriosis.
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PMID:Potential risks, benefits of progestins in birth control pills outlined. 1231 83

This article discusses oral contraceptive (OC) and IUD use among women with cardiac disease. OCs are associated with the side effects of fluid retention and hyperlipidemia, contraindicating their use in women with preexisting hypertension, thromboembolic disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and coronary artery disease. A further contraindication is the presence of more than 1 cardiac risk factor (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity). Since the cardiovascular side effects of OCs are related both to the estrogen and progestin components, clinicians are advised to prescribe a pill with 50 mcg or less of estrogen and the equivalent of 1 mg or less of norethindrone. progestin only OC causes fewer side effects in women with cardiac disease, but should be used in conjunction with a backup method such as foam or condoms if pregnancy would pose a significant health risk. Safe but less reliable methods of contraception (condoms, foam, diagphragm) are recommended only for highly moviated couples. The IUD is not considered an appropriate choice for cardiac patients with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and multiple sex partners. Such patients are at increased risk of developing endometriosis. In patients with mitral valve prolapse, antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered during IUD insertion.
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PMID:Contraception and cardiac disease: can the pill, IUD be prescribed? 1233 73

Modern medicine 1st made the oral contraceptive (OC), a combined OC, available to women in 1960, and much progress in improving OCs and reducing risks associated with them has occurred. Approximately 200 million women have used OCs worldwide and about 60 million women are currently using this contraceptive method. OCs are efficacious because the hormones in the OCs alter the physiology of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian/uterine axis at 6 sites, e.g., altering the endometrium so implantation of the blastocyst cannot occur. Despite the effectiveness of OCs (virtually 100% effective) in comparison with other contraceptive methods, they often cause side effects and complications. Some side effects and complications from estrogen and predominantly estrogen OCs include vomiting, hypertension, and venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism. Possible progestogen and predominatly progestogen OC side effects and complications are leucorrhea, urinary tract infections, epilepsy aggravation, and cholestatic jaundice. In addition, pregnancy, venous thromboembolism, heart disease, and malignancies of the breast and genital tract are absolute contraindications to OCs. On the other hand, OCs provide health benefits, in addition to preventing unwanted pregnancies, such as lowered incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, acne improvement, and protection against endometrial carcinoma and ovarian epithelial neoplasia. In order to ensure that health benefits of OCs are maximized and the risks minimized, family planning practitioners worldwide must monitor OC users for side effects. Recent OC formulations now include the progestogen only OCs, multiphase OCs, low dose OC called gestodene, and the "morning after pill".
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PMID:Oral steroidal contraception: scientific basis and recent development. 1234 71

Nonhormonal contraceptives, include the condom that is safe and frequently used lately because of its ability to help in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. There is often psychological resistance to the use of diaphragm in the over 40 age group. The rhythm method is not reliable especially in irregular menstrual cycles, and its lack of reliability can cause anxiety. In the US 16% of women over 40 use spermicides. The IUD is recommended to women over 40 because of 1-time insertion, no requirement of care, efficacy, and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is modest at this age. IUDs with progesterone are particularly effective and seem to reduce the risk of inflammatory disease by making the cervical mucus more viscous. Surgical sterilization is not recommended at this age. Women over 40 who are not obese, do not smoke, and do not have a family history of cardiovascular disease have no contraindications to using modern oral contraceptives, (OCs). On the other hand, family history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia has to be assessed on an individual basis. Low dose contraceptives can have outright beneficial effects in vascular pathology by improving the hemostatic profile. Recently, animal research has suggested the possibility of a protective effect of OCs on the cardiovascular system. OCs also protect against osteoporosis. Although the debate is still unresolved, at the moment there is no proof whatsoever that OCs increase the risk of breast cancer in women over 40. The evaluation of patients for OC use has to include a diabetic history of mother or father, familial cardiovascular disease, overweight by more than 20%, smoking more than 10 cigarettes a day, and hypertension. If findings are negative, there is no appreciable risk for the patients. Mammography every 2 years for those with familial precedents, laboratory tests (lipid profile, coagulation, and hepatic function) and semiannual checkups are also be recommended.
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PMID:[Contraception in women over forty]. 1234 91

Since the last in a series of childbirth education classes discusses contraception, educators must know about various family planning methods. Oral contraceptives (OCs) comprise combined OCs, phasic OCs, and minipills. Combined OCs inhibit secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn keeps the follicle-stimulating hormone from inducing the ovarian follicle to grow and keeps luteinizing hormones from activating ovulation. They also thicken cervical mucus. Minipills also thicken cervical mucus and render the endometrium unreceptive to fertilized egg implantation. They do not always inhibit ovulation, however. OCs can induce side effects, such as nausea, hypertension, increased risk of atherosclerosis, and fatigue. The IUD prevents pregnancy either by inhibiting implantation of a fertilized egg or by an inflammatory reaction of the endometrium resulting in a release of macrophages which may destroy sperm. The no-longer-produced Dalkon Shield IUD increased the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and damaged the reputation of other IUDs. Rare IUD complications are uterine perforation, salpingitis, tubal scarring, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. Diaphragms, cervical film, and condoms serve as barriers between the egg and sperm. The main problem with barrier methods is the increased risk of developing toxic shock syndrome. Spermicide increase the effectiveness of diaphragms, cervical caps, and condoms. Vasectomy keeps sperm from arriving at storage sites. Shortterm side effects are swelling, discomfort, and occasional rejoining of the cut ends of the vas. Research hints at a link between vasectomy and prostate cancer. Some complications of tubal ligation are urinary tract infections, accidental electrical burns, and pelvic infections. Natural family planning methods include withdrawal, the rhythm method, and the sypto-thermal method. Controversial injectable contraceptives are Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) and Noristerate (norethisterone enanthate).
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PMID:Birth control update for childbirth educators. 1234 29

The 1993 Gallup Survey (in a follow-up to its 1985 survey) shows a reduction in the number of women who believed oral contraceptives (OCs) were associated with substantial risks (76-54%, 1985-1993). Highly educated women were just as likely to associate OCs with substantial risks as less educated women. Current OC users were less likely to associate OCs with substantial risks than were users of other methods (34% vs. 56%). The main perceived substantial risk was cancer. Women still believed that OC use was as risky as childbirth (65% and 64%). Just 6% knew that OCs protect against some cancers. 42% thought that OCs provide no noncontraceptive health benefits. More women in 1993 than in 1985 incorrectly believed that the OCs' failure rate was at least 10% (41% vs. 31%). The actual failure rate is between 3% and 8.3%. In the 1991 Yale Health Services Study, 49% of women associated OCs with substantial risks. Yet, 84% believed that OCs did provide substantial benefits. 75-80% of women did not know the major noncontraceptive health benefits of OCs. The leading perceived risk of OC use was cancer. The mass media focusing on side effects of OCs and former high-dose OC users and some health professionals may have handed down their misperceptions to today's potential users. The US Food and Drug Administration still requires labels to have data not relevant to the low-dose OCs. Study results are unclear about OCs' effect on the risk of breast cancer. OCs do decrease the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. OCs protect against pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia, and benign breast disease. The current low-dose OCs appear to have little to no adverse effect on the risk of developing hypertension, clotting problems, myocardial infarction, and stroke. OC users should not smoke because smoking does increase the risk of developing these vascular diseases. The findings of these 2 studies reflect the need for clinicians to assure patients that low-dose OCs are effective and safe.
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PMID:Dispelling OC myths and misperceptions. 1234 74


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