Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) develop severe hypertension and cerebrovascular lesions on drinking 1% NaCl from weaning. These animals present a learning and memory impairment as well as impairment of both energy metabolism and membrane phospholipid turnover. We tested both choline uptake into the cells and incorporation into choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) by incubating slices from hippocampus and cortex. After 5 min of incubation, a noticeable decrease in free labelled choline content inside the cells as well as its incorporation into phospho-choline (PC) and CPG were found in the brain of SHR, as compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. This may indicate that in the SHRs with cerebrovascular lesions there is a reduction in choline uptake which in turn causes a decline in CPG biosynthesis through de novo pathway. Oxiracetam treatment is able to restore the labeled choline content in the cells from SH rats, as well as the incorporation of choline into its derivatives PC and CPG, to the levels found in the WK or more. Tests performed in the presence of such a high affinity choline uptake as hemicholinium (HC) confirmed the capacity of oxiracetam to stimulate choline uptake into the cells even if the results obtained up to now are not sufficient to hypothesize a direct effect of oxiracetam on acetylcholine metabolism. In conclusion, from the results obtained it would seem reasonable to hypothesize that the effects of the drug above mentioned on the cholinergic system may be secondary to its effect on choline phosphoglycerides biosynthesis.
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PMID:Choline incorporation into phospholipids in brain areas from spontaneously hypertensive rats: effect of oxiracetam treatment. 180 90

We studied five patients with cerebral hemorrhage limited to the head of the caudate nucleus. This rare localization represents 11% of central nuclei hemorrhages. This entity has various clinical expressions; some are similar to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, others show the same manifestations associated with hemiparesis and neuropsychological findings, while still in others, the neuropsychological syndrome with speech, behaviour or memory disturbances predominates. Recovery depends on the patient's previous clinical status and on the presence of associated lesions at the time of hemorrhage. Typical warning signs, like headache, are often absent in the elderly and debilitated. Meningismus is explained by the intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage. Motor deficit, usually moderate, is probably due to impairment of the anterior portion of the posterior arm of the internal capsule. Destruction of the head of the left caudate nucleus, which is part of the circuit causing "subcortical aphasias", is responsible for non specific speech disturbances, that are however remarkably rich in semantic paraphasias. These dysfunctions could be caused by a "cortical diaschisis" as suggested by SPECT analysis. Memory dysfunction as a result of caudate lesion is questioned. However confusion and behavioural disturbances, like preservations, transitory mutism and self neglect, seem characteristic. As shown by cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies, these disturbances might represent a frontal dysfunction caused by the interruption of the dorso-latero-prefrontal and orbito-frontal circuits. When the hemorrhage extends beyond the head of the caudate nucleus, behavioural changes occur due to the involvement of neighbouring structures such as the thalamus, internal capsule, temporal lobe and nucleus accumbens. Caudate hemorrhages occur mostly in the elderly, often with long-standing arterial hypertension causing lesions of the lenticulo-striate arteries. Severe stenosis or complete occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with a fragile anastomotic circuit or angiopathies in younger individuals (particularly Asiatics: moyamoya disease) are less frequent, but they should be considered and investigated by arteriography. Vascular malformations are a rare cause and a relationship with amyloid angiopathy can only be suspected.
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PMID:[Hematoma of the head of the caudate nucleus]. 229 Oct 35

Identification of 5-HT receptor subtypes--5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2 (possibly A and B), 5-HT3 subtypes, and possibly 5-HT4--has encouraged the manufacture of 5-HT receptor inhibitors with greater subtype specificity. However, it appears that the receptors interact, and drugs initially thought to be specific may have multiple actions. For some conditions such as anxiety/depression, almost all receptors are implicated. Clinical studies provide clear evidence that manipulation of the 5-HT system has a role in treating depression, anxiety, obsessional illness, migraine, and eating disorders. Interactions between the various receptor subtypes make it difficult to identify specific clinical functions. The 5-HT1A receptors may be involved in aggression, anorexia, and hypotension. The 5-HT1B receptors may be involved in aggression, while the 5-HT1C receptors may play a role in central aversion systems and anxiety/depression. The role of the 5-HT1D receptors remains speculative; 5-HT2 receptors appear to be involved in depression, anxiety, appetite, sleep, vasoconstriction, and hypertension. Many drugs that are effective in treating migraine are potent 5-HT2 antagonists. 5-HT3 antagonists at high doses are effective in treating nausea and at low doses in treating anxiety. Treatment of aggression, suicidal behaviour, addiction behaviour, memory impairment, dementia, and schizophrenia with 5-HT inhibitors requires further testing.
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PMID:Is there a relationship between serotonin receptor subtypes and selectivity of response in specific psychiatric illnesses? 269 41

Improvement in the efficacy of newer antihypertensive agents has resulted in consideration of the side effects of drug therapy. Impairment of memory function resulting from antihypertensive therapy has been clinically suspected. This observation has been supported by a study in which the effects of methyldopa and propranolol on memory function were reported. Recently, memory function has been assessed in a group of patients treated with either a beta-blocker (atenolol) or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) in a randomised, observer-blind study in moderate essential hypertension. The patients were assessed, on placebo and after 16 weeks of treatment on active therapy, by use of a series of 4 memory function tests related to everyday life. In the hypertension study group, 13 received atenolol and 12 received enalapril. Similar reduction of diastolic pressure occurred in both groups, but systolic pressure was significantly reduced in the enalapril group (p less than 0.05). In the atenolol group memory performance scores were consistently lower than in the placebo phase in 9 of 28 estimates of memory function. In the enalapril group there were no significant changes. The study indicated that atenolol might produce mild memory impairment, whereas enalapril was devoid of any measurable effect on memory function.
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PMID:Memory function--effects of different antihypertensive drugs. 306 88

30 patients aged between 45 and 78 years and who had suffered from transient global amnesia (TGA), were seen at the Department of Neurology, Pordenone Public Hospital, in the period 1978 to 1982. 25 patients had one or more risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension, cardiac abnormalities, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. EEG examination revealed abnormal activity only in 7 patients. Brain Computed Tomography showed cerebral atrophy in 10 and hypodense lesions in 3 patients. 16 patients had been followed up for a mean interval of 20 months. During the follow-up period, 4 patients had recurrent TGA and one had a transient ischemic attack in the vertebrobasilar arterial system. In the follow-up group, 15 patients showed permanent memory impairment. The high incidence of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease seems to confirm that TGA is probably due to transient cerebral ischemia. The high rate of permanent memory impairment, almost always connected with the coexistence of cerebrovascular risk factors, is not in agreement with the postulated good prognosis of TGA.
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PMID:Transient global amnesia. 651 86

Complex interactions occur between psychological and biological factors in health and disease. Stressful life events have been shown to be important in the initiation and exacerbation of both infectious and non-infectious diseases while personality factors may act to increase or reduce vulnerability to physical disorders. Some of the psychosocial complications of physical disorders include marital and financial difficulties, personality changes, affective disturbances, memory impairment and intellectual deterioration. Psychotic reactions may occur in some cases. These complications could worsen the overall outcome and increase family stress and burden. Psychosocial intervention techniques may be required in the management of psychosocial consequences of physical disorders and for some physical illnesses uncomplicated by psychological disorders (e.g. application of biofeedback and relaxation training in the management of hypertension). It is thus important to pay more attention to the behavioural, psychological and social aspects of medical care, particularly in developing countries where available resources are limited.
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PMID:The role of psychosocial factors in the causation, course and outcome of physical disorders: a review. 805 68

A retrospective study of 100 consecutive elderly Chinese patients (29 males, 71 females) aged 65 years and above admitted to a general hospital psychiatric unit, showed a predominance of depressive disorders (n = 36) and dementia (n = 26). Depressed patients (mean age = 72.0; SD = 5.8) were significantly younger than demented patients (mean age = 75.6; SD = 6.7) (p < 0.03). Patients with depressive disorders presented with low mood, sleep disturbance, attempted suicide as well as vague somatic symptoms in the absence of organic causes. Those suffering from dementia presented with cognitive dysfunctions (especially memory impairment), confusional state, deteriorated self care and sleep disturbance. More than three quarters of the depressed patients were prescribed antidepressants, and five had required electroconvulsive therapy. Almost nine out of every ten patients had co-existing physical disorders, with one in two being afflicted by two or more physical disorders; the average number of physical disorders was 1.55 per patient. The commonest were cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension (37%) and ischaemic heart diseases (12%). Endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus, constituted 21%. The mean duration of admission of all patients was 16.3 days (SD = 12.6 days.)
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PMID:Chinese psychogeriatric patients in a general hospital. 878 40

Data on the presence of neurological signs in the normal elderly are scanty, and data on their possible relationships to memory performances are not available. Three-hundred and ninety-six subjects born in 1925 and living in Pavia, who were recruited for a larger study on memory impairment in the elderly, underwent a standardized neurological examination (SNE) consisting of 22 items, an anamnestic interview and a memory test battery. A high number of signs was found, particularly for regressive reflexes (snout in 50% of cases). There was a tendency for several alterations to be found in the same subject. Accordingly, four clusters of signs were identified. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease or past head trauma were not consistently associated with SNE scores. While memory impairment was also not consistently associated with SNE scores, there was a higher tendency for memory-impaired subjects to show at least one abnormal SNE score.
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PMID:Neurological findings in the normal elderly: prevalence and relationships with memory performance. 890 53

Sleep-related breathing disorders, ranging from habitual snoring to the increased upper airway resistance syndrome to sleep apnea, are now recognized as major health problems. The majority of patients have excessive daytime sleepiness and tiredness. Neuropsychological dysfunction results in poor work performance, memory impairment, and even depression. Until recently, the coexistence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with sleep-related breathing disorders was thought to be the result of shared risk factors, such as age, sex, and obesity. However, in the past 5 years several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that sleep-related breathing disorders are an independent risk factor for hypertension, probably resulting from a combination of intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia, arousals, increased sympathetic tone, and altered baroreflex control during sleep. Sleep apnea may lead to the development of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension. Early recognition and treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders may improve cardiovascular function.
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PMID:Sleep-related breathing disorders and cardiovascular disease. 1075 96

A 68-year-old man showed signs of dementia after undergoing triple CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass. Brain CT revealed widespread atrophy and lucency in white matter without any sign of stroke. No critical stenosis in cervical vessels was found in duplex scanning. He kept politeness well, but had severe memory impairment. These findings were characteristic of Binswanger type encephalopathy which must have been latent preoperatively. This disease is caused by ischemic damage in brain stem and white matter due mainly to atherosclerotic micro cerebrovasculopathy, and highly related to hypertension. We have to be aware of intracranial cerebrovascular disease when assessing the risk of brain damage in candidates for CABG.
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PMID:[A case report of Binswanger type encephalopathy manifested after coronary artery bypass grafting]. 1080 93


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