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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A number of human studies presented at the workshop indicate that the premature infant at birth is biochemically deficient in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in both the brain and liver phospholipids, and that DHA is essential for normal visual acuity. The amount of DHA necessary to maintain normal amounts of the liver and brain phospholipids postnatally is 11 mg/kg daily. Elderly patients on long-term gastric tube feedings and others on long-term intravenous fluids and on total parenteral nutrition are particularly prone to deficiencies of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The amounts estimated to prevent deficiencies in the elderly are 800-1100 mg/d of alpha-linolenic acid and 300-400 mg/d of EPA and DHA combined. Preliminary data indicate that children with malnutrition and mucoviscidosis, women with toxemia, and elderly people have decreased amounts of DHA in plasma phospholipids. The omega 3 fatty acids lower triglycerides and, at high levels, lower cholesterol. The anti-aggregatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties of omega 3 fatty acids have been confirmed, and a dose-response curve is emerging. Despite the increase in bleeding time, no clinical evidence of bleeding has been noted by the investigators in any of the studies. Clinical trials are necessary in order to precisely define the dose and mechanisms involved in defining the essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids in growth and development and their beneficial effects in coronary heart disease, hypertension, inflammation, arthritis, psoriasis, other autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
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PMID:Summary of the NATO advanced research workshop on dietary omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality. 256 87

Hypertension in Africa represents a challenge and an opportunity. As the two epidemics of infection and malnutrition are increasingly brought under control, increasing morbidity and mortality from hypertension have been documented and offer a challenge for prevention. Heterogeneity within and between African populations offers opportunities for detecting clues to the etiology and pathogenesis of hypertension. For example, populations in urban areas have already shown a greater prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and hypertensive heart and kidney disease than those in rural areas. The generally better lipid profiles in African blacks compared with whites is associated not only with low rates of coronary heart disease, but also with low prevalences of hypertensive retinopathy, despite substantial prevalences of hypertension in African blacks. Areas of Africa with a natural abundance of salt, such as Gambia and Senegal, tend to have indigenes with less tendency to retain a salt load than those from areas that are traditionally salt poor.
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PMID:Current aspects of high blood pressure research in Africa. 262 Apr 76

Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., carnitine in dogs, taurine in cats) resulting in cardiomyopathy, and nutritional excesses (e.g., calories leading to obesity, sodium leading to hypertension) have emerged as important considerations in cardiology. These dietary factors may become particularly exaggerated in altered physiological and/or pathological states (e.g., pregnancy, old age, primary cardiovascular disease). Unfortunately, we do not have complete information on requirements for essential nutrients, nor do we know the precise role nutrition may play in the production of so-called old-age diseases or on the interactions among other organ systems (e.g., kidney, liver) and the heart.
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PMID:Nutrition and the heart. 265 89

Hypertension can be ameliorated by certain concomitant disease states, especially those in which serum globulin is elevated. Blood pressure has been reduced in cases of cirrhosis of the liver, chronic alcoholism, congestive heart failure, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and myeloma. These clinical findings were confirmed experimentally when animals with various models of hypertension became normotensive after the development of a modest degree of liver damage with hyperglobulinemia. Other diseases, not associated with hyperglobulinemia, that can lower blood pressure are stroke, uremia, hyperparathyroidism, and malnutrition. When any of these diseases occur in hypertensive patients, their influence on blood pressure must be considered when determining treatment and prognosis.
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PMID:Disease states in which blood pressure is lowered. 261 Jul 59

The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 5 years of age in developing countries is 2.5%. Nevertheless disease accounts for a considerable proportion of premature deaths. The leading causes of death in these countries, in order, include respiratory disease, diseases of the circulatory system, low birth weight, diarrhea, measles, injuries, malnutrition, and neoplasms. These conditions represent diseases of poverty and affluence. Respiratory infections are common among 5-year old children and cause a high proportion of child deaths. Circulatory diseases tend to be limited to adults. Control of hypertension, diet, smoking prevention, and exercise can prevent circulatory diseases. The risk of dying in infancy and childhood and of developmental disabilities is higher among low birth weight infants than those who weigh 2500 gm. In Bangladesh, 50% of infants weight 2500 gm. Low birth weight is the underlying cause of death for many infants who die of respiratory infections and diarrhea. Oral rehydration can successfully treat most diarrhea cases. Malnutrition and diarrhea tend to occur together and feed off each other. In fact malnourished people are more susceptible to all infections. Malnourished children suffer from disabilities in development and growth. The greatest sufferers of measles are infants and malnourished children. Immunization of all =or 9-month old infants would eradicate measles. Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries. Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking. Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets, antimalarial drugs, reduction of mosquito breeding places, and pesticides. The new infectious disease, AIDS, has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries. High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia, Plasmodium app., rotavirus, Salmonella typhi (Ty21a), and Shigella spp.
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PMID:Disease problems in the Third World. 269 79

Health agents, representatives of women's organizations, and political authorities from 22 francophone African countries met in Niamey, Niger, in June 1989 to examine why maternal mortality rates are still so high in their countries. Representatives of the World Bank, World Health Organization, UNFPA, and nongovernmental organizations such as the International Planned PArenthood Federation and of several bilateral aid organizations also attended. Each year around 150,000 women die in Africa of complications related to pregnancy and delivery. The maternal mortality rate is the highest in the world, some 700/100,000 live births vs. 10/100,000 in Western Europe. A videocassette shown by the WHO traced 1 case of death in childbirth to illustrate the multiple failures of the health system. A woman rendered seriously anemic by malnutrition and parasite infections began to hemorrhage during her 8th pregnancy but was not transferred for several hours to the district hospital, which had no blood with which to save her. The shocking problem of maternal mortality has not attracted much attention in Africa until recently because death related to pregnancy have been considered normal and because women have been valued chiefly for their reproductive functions. The causes of death are the same ones that have afflicted women through the ages: excessive blood loss, difficult delivery, infections, eclampsia due to hypertension, and complications of abortion. Family planning would help lower maternal mortality rates by preventing abortions and by reducing risks from closely spaced pregnancies and those at the extremes of the reproductive period. Many such pregnancies are undesired, which increases their risks. Women in Africa do not necessarily want to be reduced to continuous pregnancies, but the entire value system of the family and society puts pressure on them to have children. Women can help effect change by not transmitting these traditional values to their own children. The condition of African women reflected in their low educational levels, their long hours of work, and their frequent inability to feed themselves adequately despite the fact that women produce 80% of foodstuffs in Africa is a factor in their high mortality. Despite considerable effort over the past decade to develop primary health care programs, only 36% of births occur in the presence of a qualified health agent. Regardless of developments in women's status and in society in general, an adequately functioning system of health care for all is considered an absolute necessity. the World Bank has estimated that an investment of $2 per person per year would lead to a 2/3 decline in maternal mortality. The goal of reducing maternal mortality by the year 2000 is technically within reach but will require political will.
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PMID:[Motherhood without risk. A new hope for Africa]. 276

In order to study the nature of Liver Yang Exuberance Syndrome (LYES), and find new effective drug prescription to treat diseases with the syndrome, the authors chose 97 cases with LYES of hypertension, climacteric syndrome and hyperthyroidism. A clinical study was carried out on different diseases with the syndrome including the stagnancy of Liver Qi, excess of Liver Wind and rising of Liver Fire with a new prescription according to TCM theory. While another 83 cases with Yin Deficiency Yang Excess Syndrome (YDYES) of the same three diseases were employed as control group. The results showed that their total effective rates were 81.4% (in lowering blood pressure), 100% and 88.9% respectively. The marked effective rate of LYES of hypertension group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P less than 0.05), which showed the special characteristics of the TCM syndrome. Before and after treatment, the patients with LYES of the three diseases were examined in certain laboratory tests including function of autonomic nervous system, urinary MHPG-SO4, CA, plasma cAMP and TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha etc. The similar changes were found in different diseases with the same syndrome. The laboratory results of the cases got markedly improved with the improvement of their symptoms, which showed that these tests had active significance for comprehending the nature of LYES.
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PMID:[Clinical study on "liver yang exuberance syndrome"]. 276 20

Malnutrition is frequently associated with advanced cirrhosis. To investigate the role of portal hypertension in nutritional impairment, we developed an animal model to isolate and characterize the effects of chronic intestinal venous hypertension on intestinal nutrient absorption. We performed mesenteric arteriovenous anastomosis combined with portal vein banding in rats. Hepatic architecture and excretory function (bile flow and bile salt output) were unaltered, while severe and persistent intestinal venous hypertension was produced. We then measured in vivo absorption rates of three test nutrients (vitamin D3, valine, and tryptophan) and water. Vitamin D3 absorption was significantly impaired by intestinal congestion, while amino acid absorption was unaffected. Splanchnic hypertensive rats absorbed less water than controls. We conclude that chronic intestinal venous hypertension alone selectively impairs nutrient absorption.
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PMID:Selective impairment of nutrient absorption from intestines with chronic venous hypertension. 300 45

Diet clearly influences neurotransmission. This can be important in grossly undernourished children. It can also be important in children in whom normal homeostatic mechanisms governing food intake are bypassed. Subtle differences in behavior can occur with physiologic variation in food intake. Components of foods can also be used as drugs. Starvation can impair neuronal maturation and can have lasting effects upon behavior and intellectual performance. The extent of starvation's impact upon the brain depends upon whether undernutrition occurred during a critical phase in brain development. Short-term fasting has small, but significant, effects upon intellectual performance. Even when gross malnutrition is not present, subtle changes in diet may modulate brain function. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline in the diet are used as precursors for neuronal synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, respectively. It is likely that the brain's sensitivity to certain components of the diet exists to permit monitoring of food intake by the central nervous system. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline may be useful in treatment of humans with sleep disorders, pain depression, mania, hypertension, shock, or dyskinesias. Other components of the diet that may affect behavior include food additives, sugar, and caffeine. Food additives may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms in a small proportion of children with attention deficit disorder. Given that there is little potential for harm and that there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial of a diet that contains no food additives may be a valid diagnostic approach for children with attention deficit disorder who do not respond to stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant therapy is not desired. Refined sugar has been blamed for many behavioral abnormalities. Subtle effects of carbohydrate upon behavior have been reported, but the existing data do not support the hypothesis that sucrose or fructose exert special effects upon neurotransmission. Caffeine is easily detected as a stimulant by humans, but it has little effect upon cognitive function. Administration of large doses of vitamins has no beneficial effect in most humans with schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, autism, Down's syndrome, or drug addiction. Large doses of niacinamide may even be harmful, as they may cause hepatic damage.
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PMID:Dietary influences on neurotransmission. 302 51

Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.
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PMID:Health aspects of vegetarian diets. 304 2


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