Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With increasing urbanization, hypertension and its complications are becoming major health problems in many tropical countries. In particular, hypertension is a major cause of illness in black Africans. There is good evidence that an increasing dietary salt intake is partly responsible for this rising incidence of hypertension and possibly restriction of salt may help in prevention. The public health requirements for the prevention, detection and management of hypertension are likely to consume scarce resources in countries where life expectancy is gradually rising due to improved control of communicable disease and malnutrition. Failure to address the problem of hypertension could have serious effects on morbidity and mortality of economically active individuals in developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Some recent advances in non-communicable diseases in the Tropics. 1. Hypertension: an emerging problem in tropical countries. 194 31

Intestinal Ca2+ malabsorption has been described in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), but the molecular basis for this defect is unknown. In this study, we measured intestinal alkaline phosphatase and vitamin D-dependent Ca(2+)-binding protein (calbindin-D9k), two proteins implicated in the active pathway of intestinal Ca2+ absorption. Both proteins were measured in the small intestines of SHRs and their normotensive controls, Wistar-Kyoto rats, before, during, and after development of hypertension (4, 9, 14, 18, and 28 wk of age). At all ages, alkaline phosphatase activity in duodenum (0-6 cm) was decreased by 30-57% (P less than 0.001) and by 47-75% in the 2nd intestinal segment (6-12 cm) (P less than 0.001-0.05). Calbindin-D9k was decreased similarly. The decreases of calbindin were statistically significant (P less than 0.001-0.05) in the duodena at 4, 14, 18, and 28 wk (9-30% decreases) and in the 2nd segment at 4, 14, and 18 wk (38-69% decreases; P less than 0.001-0.005). Decreased calbindin in SHRs was documented in animals from two suppliers. The deficiencies of calbindin-D9k and alkaline phosphatase could not be attributed to malnutrition or to a generalized brush-border defect as indicated by body weights and the intestinal marker enzyme sucrase. Although calbindin-D9k was decreased in young SHRs, the serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] was increased by 59 and 129% in 4- and 9-wk-old SHRs (P less than 0.001), respectively; by contrast, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 was unchanged or decreased in older SHRs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Intestinal vitamin D-dependent calbindin-D9k and alkaline phosphatase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 203 38

Malnutrition is a common problem of patients undergoing liver transplantation. To treat malnutrition, it must first be identified through a nutritional assessment. Because many objective nutritional assessment parameters have limitations in end-stage liver disease, subjective nutritional indicators may be used as an alternative. Nutritional needs following transplantation are categorized as short and long term. The short-term nutritional goal, anabolism, can be complicated by the nutritional status of the patient, surgical procedures, and necessary medications. The increased nutrient needs during the early posttransplant phase require particular nutritional support. Nutrition-related problems following transplantation may include obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalemia, edema, or osteoporosis. Dietetic advice relative to the nutritional needs of the liver transplant recipient can improve both the short- and long-term outcomes.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional implications of liver transplantation. 208 51

Toxic injury is one of the many ways by which the functional integrity of the heart may become compromised. Any of the subcellular elements may be the target of toxic injury, including all of the various membranes and organelles. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity may lead to treatment of the toxicity or to its prevention. Doxorubicin and its analogs are very important cancer chemotherapeutic agents that can cause cardiotoxicity. Other agents which are cardiotoxic and which have profound public health implications include the alkaloid emetine in ipecac syrup, cocaine, and ethyl alcohol. The most important cardiotoxic mechanisms proposed for doxorubicin include oxidative stress with its resultant damage to myocardial elements, changes in calcium homeostasis, decreased ability to produce ATP, and systemic release of cardiotoxic humoral mediators from tissue mast cells. Each of the first 3 mechanisms can lead to each of the other 2, and the causal relationships between all of these mechanisms are not clear. New evidence suggests that doxorubicinol, one of the metabolites of doxorubicin may be the moiety responsible for cardiotoxicity. Several other potential mechanisms also have been proposed for doxorubicin. Emetine in ipecac syrup is the first aid treatment of choice for many acute toxic oral ingestions and the alkaloid, itself, is used to treat amebiasis. Cardiotoxicity occurs following chronic exposure, such as occurs therapeutically in amebiasis and with ipecac abuse by bulemics. A number of mechanisms are proposed for emetine cardiotoxicity, but the current mechanistic literature is quite scarce. Cocaine abuse recently has caught the public interest, in particular because of the drug-related sudden deaths of certain athletes. Cocaine can cause hypertension, arrhythmias, and reduced coronary blood flow, each of which can contribute to its lethality. However, it may be possible that cocaine sudden death episodes are more related to hyperthermia and convulsive seizures, rather than to cardiovascular toxicity. Chronic alcohol use leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and failure as part of the general physical degeneration that occurs with alcoholism. Several mechanisms are proposed for the cardiomyopathy, but only 2 things seem clear. The cardiotoxicity is due to an intrinsic effect of alcohol, rather than to malnutrition or co-toxicity, and abstinence is the only effective treatment for the cardiomyopathy. Recent articles indicate that very moderate use of alcohol may be beneficial and protect against cardiovascular-related morbidity. One explanation for these findings seems to be that the non-drinking groups, against whom the moderate drinking comparisons were made, were enriched in former drinkers with significant alcohol-related cardiovascular pathology.
 ...
PMID:Toxic mechanisms of the heart: a review. 209 Dec 37

As infection and malnutrition are steadily overcome in the developing world, cardiovascular disease loom large in the profile of morbidity and mortality in these societies. Hypertension, rheumatic heart disease and the cardiomyopathies are already taking their toll and atherosclerosis is certain to pose public health problems soon unless steps are taken now, through attention to known risk factors, to pre-empt or at least minimize its consequences. There are populations in developing countries among whom blood pressure does not appear to rise with age and in whom the prevalence of hypertension is very low. Studies of these communities and of migrant groups indicate that salt has an important effect on blood pressure. In spite of these observations, however, it is well known that black communities tend, on the whole, to show a higher prevalence of hypertension and more severe target-organ damage than white communities. Other distinguishing features are lower cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein fractions and a delayed response to a sodium load in black populations. Economic constraints limit the effective application of stepped-care therapy in the management of moderate to severe hypertension. Beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are not so effective in black communities unless combined with diuretics.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. 209 92

The aging process alters body composition so that nutritional status changes as we get older. The aging process shows interindividual variability in its rate of development. Determinants of the rates of aging of systems and tissues are largely genetic. Premature aging of cells and tissues is due to genetic factors and to long-term exposure to physical or chemical environments that cause irreversible tissue damage. Whereas maximal lifespan is fixed for us all, individuals vary in life expectancy both because of variability in the risk of genetic disease which shortens life and because of variable capability for avoidance of those factors in our environment which cause early aging. Early aging as well as geriatric disease foreshorten life, but both can be prevented to some extent by diet or by diet and exercise. Diseases that can be nutritionally prevented, giving us a greater chance of achieving our genetically determined lifespans, include nutritional deficiency states and chronic diet-related diseases such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Disabilities resulting from these diseases and from degenerative arthritis are also subject to modulation by diet. The nutritional requirements of the elderly are mostly similar to those of younger people. Elderly usually need fewer calories and similar nutrient intakes compared with those of younger people. Elderly with higher needs for specific nutrients include homebound or institutionalized people who lack sunlight exposure and therefore require more vitamin D. Nutritional requirements to promote longer life expectancy and freedom from disabilities that result from chronic disease include restriction of food energy and fat. Nutritional assessment of the elderly is aimed at identifying not only the presence of deficiency states but also states of nutrient excess and chronic diet-related diseases. There are certain problems in carrying out nutritional assessment in the elderly, but techniques are now available which make valid assessment possible even in the oldest old. Those who live longest have less genetic risk of premature aging, but as a result of native intelligence, education, coping skills, and higher socioeconomic status, they also have a greater likelihood of eating a diet that best meets their long-term nutritional needs. Those most at risk for developing malnutrition as they get older are those who lack food access because of poverty, because of disability resulting from chronic geriatric disease, or because of a combination of these factors. Malnutrition is found in elderly in our society who live in their own homes if they are indigent, isolated, and homebound because of disability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Geriatric nutrition. 218 27

The main objectives of medical and nutritional management of patients with chronic renal failure are to slow down the progression of renal disease and to prevent secondary complications due to hypertension, uremic metabolic disturbances, and bone disease. The importance of nutritional measures for this purpose is increasingly recognized. In the setting of vitamin D and calcium deficiency secondary hyperparathyroidism and retention of phosphate result in renal osteodystrophy. An increase in dietary calcium and avoidance of foods rich in phosphate are important. In some patients supplementation of vitamin D3 may be necessary while calcium homeostasis is monitored during follow up. The dietary protein content can influence the severity of the uremic state. Normal or increased consumption of protein may accelerate the progression of renal disease due to the accumulation of nitrogenous products. In addition, uremia itself may cause loss of appetite and thus accumulation of endogenous nitrogen compounds as a result of protein catabolism. Protein restriction under such circumstances may cause malnutrition and an associated increase in morbidity and mortality. Thus, dietary management must consist of individually designed restriction of total protein intake with ingestion of high value protein. This allows balanced nitrogen metabolism with a reduction in circulating uremic toxins.
 ...
PMID:[Special problems of nutritional therapy in chronic kidney insufficiency in the pre-dialysis stage]. 219

From June 1986 to October 1989, ten children suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Their ages ranged from 4 to 16 years; 3 were boys and 7 were girls. IgM mesangial nephropathy (IgMN) (three cases) were the most common causes of renal failure in the patients. All patients were trained in the hospital. After CAPD treatment, serum BUN and creatinine dropped significantly. Serum levels of potassium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase dropped and serum sodium and calcium rose significantly after treatment. Improvement of anemic state and control of hypertension were also noted. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia developed after CAPD treatment. Despite protein loss through the peritoneal cavity, there was no evidence of protein malnutrition. Total serum protein and albumin increased significantly after treatment. The most common complication was peritonitis. Three of these 10 patients developed an episode of peritonitis, or an incidence of 1 episode per 17.2 patient months. To the present, seven patients are still doing well on CAPD. Three patients have received renal transplantation. The majority of the patients experienced an increased sense of well-being, easier diet and fluid management, freedom for travel and daily activities. Physical development also improved, with body length and body weight gaining steadily. It can be concluded that CAPD is a good modality of long-term therapy for ESRD children.
 ...
PMID:Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for children with end stage renal disease. 226 Apr 64

Published "normal" values of some hormones have an excessively wide range and unequal mean values because the material on which these values are based is from subjects suffering from different diseases which only apparently are not associated with the investigated hormone, or else the specimens are obtained under non-standard conditions (malnutrition, stress, alcohol etc.). This wide range of normal values may hide incipient pathological processes and is not suitable even as control group. The investigation is based on the assessment of insulin, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in a group of blood donors. The assembled results were compared with two other groups of blood donors and a group of obese subjects. The following findings were assembled: We recommend to lower the upper borderline of "normal" insulinaemia from the recommended value of 26 to 20 i.u./l, as the original range may comprise milder forms of hyperinsulinism which is recently assumed to participate in the genesis of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary ischemia and polycystic ovaries. Elevated normal values of serum insulin may be obtained also from blood donors who usually have breakfast before the blood is collected. The wide range of cortisolaemia is due to the diurnal rhythm. The basal value is raised by a declining blood sugar level, alcohol, obesity and of course, varying forms of stress. The upper range of cortisolaemia at 8 a.m. should not be beyond the range of 140-690 nmol/l. GH secretion is governed by an individual 3.5-hour cycle as well as changes of the blood sugar level, e. g. during the OGTT: the declining blood sugar level raises the GH level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Factors affecting normal levels of insulin, cortisol, STH, thyroxine and triiodothyronine]. 226 67

Six thousand, one hundred and thirty-five consecutive live births in six major health centres in the city of Ibadan were studied between September 1982 and March 1983 in order to assess the incidence, distribution and causes of low birthweight (LBW) in an urban community in Nigeria. Of the 6135 live births, 504 (8.2%) were of LBW. Two hundred and thirty-six (62%) of the LBW were small-for-gestational-age (SGA), while 146 (38%) were appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA). Two hundred and five (87%) of the SGA were term while 115 (79%) of the AGA infants were preterm. Multiple pregnancy was an important cause of LBW, occurring in 4.4% of pregnancies. One hundred and forty-six (2.6%) of the 5631 infants who weighed 2500 g or over and 122 (24.2%) of the LBW infants were products of multiple pregnancy (P less than 0.001). The young (less than 20 years), short statured (less than 155 cm) and primigravid mothers were more likely than the others to give birth to LBW infants (P less than 0.001). Of the obstetric and medical factors examined, pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET) (P less than 0.01), ante-partum haemorrhage (APH) (P less than 0.01) and anaemia (P less than 0.02) significantly increased the risk of LBW. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia, eclampsia, hypertension and renal diseases tended to be associated with SGA while APH and anaemia were found more often with prematurity. Multiple pregnancy contributed equally to the delivery of preterm and growth-retarded infants. Although no obvious cause could be identified in about two-thirds of the cases, pre-conceptional maternal malnutrition and poor diet in pregnancy might play an important role.
 ...
PMID:Low birthweight in an urban community in Nigeria. 240 6


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>