Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The records of 293 patients admitted to Padua University Eye Clinic with diagnosis of optic neuropathy were reviewed. Age and sex distribution of different types of optic neuropathies were analyzed. 84 patients (28.7%) with a mean age of 61.9 years had anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). The mean follow up of these patients was 3 years. In less than 30% of patients stabilized visual acuity of the first affected eye was better than 20/200; however, patients younger than 65 showed a significantly (p less than 0.01) better visual acuity than patients older than 64. Involvement of the second eye was found in 26 patients with AION (30.9%), of whom only five were considered idiopathic. The latency before controlateral eye involvement was significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter in patients over 64 years of age than in the younger group. Commonly known associated conditions such as giant cell arteritis (3.6%), arterial hypertension (34.5%), diabetes mellitus (10.7%), both arterial hypertension and diabetes (8.3%), migraine (7.2%) or intracapsular cataract extraction (1.2%) were considered. The frequency of a number of risk factors was found out in patients with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes and in patients with idiopathic AION. Symptoms or signs of ischemic cardiopathy and/or peripheral nonarteritic vascular disease, TIAs prior to AION onset, elevated plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels, excessive smoking were considered. These risk factors were not found in 11.1% of diabetic patients with AION, in 37.9% of hypertensives, in 14.2% of both diabetic and hypertensive patients and in 31% of patients with idiopathic AION. Our data seem to indicate that the onset of AION may be influenced more strongly from these risk factors than aging.
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PMID:Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and aging. 277 May 22

The incidence of pupillary fibrin membrane formation, a relatively frequent complication of cataract surgery in Japan even for experienced surgeons, was noted in 2038 consecutive cases of senile cataract removal and primary posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation. The overall incidence was 4.4%. Comparisons among cases showed the incidence to be significantly higher among: (1) patients who received dry- versus wet-sterilized lenses (P less than 0.001), (2) eyes with premature, subcapsular, or nuclear cataracts than among those with mature cataracts (P less than 0.05), (3) patients with systemic hypertension (P less than 0.01), (4) eyes not treated postsurgically with topical antiprostaglandins (P less than 0.001), and (5) patients who had undergone previous PC IOL implantation in the fellow eye (P less than 0.001). These findings suggest that the formation of the fibrin membrane is a kind of immunologic reaction. Accordingly, use of antiprostaglandin agents and complete removal of lens material and epithelial cells are recommended, especially for patients undergoing second-eye operations or those with a predisposition to breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier.
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PMID:Pupillary fibrin membrane. A frequent early complication after posterior chamber lens implantation in Japan. 234 96

We previously described the Dahl salt-sensitive rat as a potential model of cataractogenesis in which cataract formation is associated with hypertension. Cataractous lesions were characterized by a marked lenticular and aqueous humor electrolyte imbalance. In the present study the effects of chronic dietary sodium restriction on cataract formation were evaluated in salt-sensitive rats to determine whether or not modification of the hypertensive process might reduce the incidence of cataracts in this genetic model. In addition, the possibility that early cataractous lesions in adult hypertensive salt-sensitive rats might be reversed by acute sodium restriction was evaluated. Chronic dietary sodium restriction modified the development of hypertension and prevented cataract formation in salt-sensitive rats. Furthermore, acute dietary sodium restriction (1 week) completely and consistently reversed early cataractous lesions (pinpoint opacities) in adult hypertensive salt-sensitive rats. Both the prevention and reversal of cataracts were associated with normalization of the lenticular and aqueous humor parameters measured. These data suggest that cataractogenesis is not the consequence of sustained arterial hypertension, but rather that initiation of both hypertension and cataract formation in this genetic model may be the result of extracellular fluid volume state.
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PMID:Prevention and reversal of cataracts in genetically hypertensive rats through sodium restriction. 280 92

We have previously reported a high incidence of cataract formation in adult hypertensive salt-sensitive rats, suggesting that hypertension may be an important cataractogenic risk factor. Weanling salt-sensitive rats that eventually developed cataracts showed a marked increase in the pressor response to a high-sodium diet compared to salt-sensitive rats that did not develop cataracts. A lens and aqueous fluid electrolyte imbalance occurred in all adult salt-sensitive rats examined, but was greater in the salt-sensitive rats that developed cataracts, suggesting an alteration in lens and/or ciliary ion transport in cataracts associated with hypertension. In the present study, lens 86Rb uptake was measured in adult hypertensive salt-sensitive rats prior to cataract formation. 'Cataract-prone' salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (increased pressor response to a high sodium diet given at weanling age), salt-sensitive hypertensive rats unlikely to develop cataracts and control salt-resistant rats were studied at the age of 16 weeks. Total and ouabain-insensitive lens 86Rb uptake were measured for the determination of ouabain-sensitive uptake, an index of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Lens ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was low in adult hypertensive cataract-prone salt-sensitive rats before cataract formation compared with values in control resistant rats. Intermediate values were observed in hypertensive salt-sensitive rats unlikely to develop cataracts. These data suggest that altered ion transport may play a pivotal role in cataractogenesis associated with this model of hypertension. The data are also consistent with the concept of a generalized defect in epithelial ion transport, at least in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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PMID:Lenticular rubidium uptake in hypertensive 'cataract-prone' salt-sensitive rats. 285 35

This discussion reviews drugs that affect the eye, including antihyperglycemic agents; corticosteroids; antirheumatic drugs (quinolines, indomethacin, and allopurinol); psychiatric drugs (phenothiazine, thioridazine, and chlorpromazine); drugs used in cardiology (practolol, amiodarone, and digitalis gylcosides); drugs implicated in optic neuritis and atrophy, drugs with an anticholinergic action; oral contraceptives (OCs); and topical drugs and systemic effects. Refractive changes, either myopic or hypermetropic, can occur as a result of hyperglycemia, and variation in vision is sometimes a presenting symptom in diabetes mellitus. If it causes a change in the refraction, treatment of hyperglycemia almost always produces a temporary hypermetropia. A return to the original refractive state often takes weeks, sometimes months. There is some evidence that patients adequately treated with insulin improve more rapidly than those taking oral medication. Such patients always should be referred for opthalmological evaluation as other factors might be responsible, but it might not be possible to order the appropriate spectacle correction for some time. The most important ocular side effect of the systemic adiministration of corticosteroids is the formation of a posterior subcapsular cataract. Glaucoma also can result from corticosteroids, most often when they are applied topically. Corticosteroids have been implicated in the production of benign intracranial hypertension, which is paradoxical because they also are used in its treatment. The most important side effect of drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is an almost always irreversible maculopathy with resultant loss of central vision. Corneal and retinal changes similar to those caused by the quinolines have been reported with indomethacin, but there is some question about a cause and effect relationship. The National Registry of Drug Induced Ocular Side Effects in the US published 30 case histories of cataract suspected to be induced by allopurinol; numerous additional cases have been reported to the registry since. Phenothiazine, with an estimated 3% incidence of side effects, appears to be safer than other antipsychotic drugs, but the rate of ocular effects increases with the duration of therapy. Thioridazine and chlorpromazine are known to cause lens deposits and pigmentary retinopathy. There is a significantly high prevalence of thrombophlebitis and pseudotumor cerebri among women who use OCs and thrombotic retinal vascular disease, such as retinal vein occulsion, might be linked with them. It also is probable that, because of altered hydration of the cornea, there is a decreased tolerance to contact lenses.
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PMID:Drugs affecting the eye. 286 12

Posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts are a visually disabling form of cataract and account for 40% of surgical cases. Although PSC opacities may occur following intraocular inflammation, trauma, or use of steroids, the cause is often unknown. A case-control study was undertaken to investigate the role of exposure to ultraviolet light in the B range (UV-B) and other potential risk factors for the development of PSC cataracts. Surgical PSC cataract cases from a large rural ophthalmic practice on the lower eastern shore of Maryland were matched with phakic controls without PSC cataract changes from the same geographic area by age, sex, and referral pattern. All patients with PSC opacities who underwent cataract surgery in a 12-month period were chosen. One hundred sixty-eight cases and 168 controls were interviewed regarding sunlight exposure, drug use, occupational history, history of diabetes, hypertension, and other diseases. Matched-pairs analyses indicated that a history of relatively high exposure to UV-B was associated with increased risk of PSC cataracts. The association of PSC cataracts with steroid use and diabetes was reconfirmed. Subjects with blue eyes and less than high school education were also at increased risk for PSC cataracts. Smoking and hypertension were not found to be PSC cataract risk factors. These data suggest that UV-B exposure may be an important risk factor for PSC cataracts.
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PMID:Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. 292 58

Eight patients with delayed microhyphaema were identified from a computer data base of 1209 patients who had had cataract extraction with Binkhorst 4-loop intraocular lens insertion. Five cases were recurrent. The cases were examined to try and identify an underlying cause. No single cause was identified, but trauma, hypertension, and oral anticoagulants were found to be associated. Some episodes were asymptomatic. The wide variety of surgical technique and style of lens with which this complication has been reported implies multiple causative factors. The source of the bleeding and its management are discussed.
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PMID:Delayed microhyphaema with intraocular lenses: a retrospective study of eight patients. 293 Jul 55

Three problems were studied on the human and rabbit eye: to what extent the mineralocorticoids contribute to the control of Na+ and K+ transport in the lens epithelium, how do the glucocorticoids influence the concentration of glucose in the aqueous humour and what is the effect of the pituitary-adrenal axis on the hemato-ocular barrier. Specific receptor-like proteins binding aldosterone were found in the lens epithelium. Na+ and K+ concentrations in the aqueous were influenced by both aldosterone and spironolactone administration. The aldosterone concentration in human cataracts was found to be higher in cases of cataracts complicated by arterial hypertension. In spite of some indication of anticataractogenous action of mineralocorticoids, aldosterone did not prevent the formation of cortisol-induced cataract in chick embryos. Glucose concentration in the aqueous was increased by glucocorticoid administration as well as by stimulation of their secretion by ACTH. Further, the contribution of the pituitary-adrenal axis to the breakdown of the hemato-ocular barrier was investigated by measuring the changes of the total protein content in the aqueous. ACTH1-24 caused a partial breakdown of the barrier, as well as ACTH4-10 or alpha-MSH. As the latter two peptides lack the stimulative effect on the corticoid secretion and glucocorticoids themselves fail to increase the protein content in the aqueous, the breakdown of the hemato-ocular barrier seems to be essential for ACTH-linked peptide fragments and is not mediated by corticoids.
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PMID:The role of corticosteroids in the homeostasis of the eye. 300 76

In previous unrelated studies, we observed a 35 to 50% incidence of cataract formation in several groups of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS) over a 4-year period. In the present study we evaluated longitudinal changes in blood pressure in DS in which cataracts eventually developed and those in which cataracts did not develop when all animals were maintained on a high sodium diet. Lenses were evaluated by slit-lamp microscopy to determine if cataractous lesions were similar among rats, to classify lesion types, and to define the age at which cataracts were detectable in DS. The possible participation of several cataractogenic risk factors as major influences on cataract formation also was evaluated. Finally, aqueous humor concentrations and lenticular content of sodium and potassium were determined to evaluate the possibility that a defect in ion transport at the lens epithelium and ciliary body might play a role in cataractogenesis in DS, since ion transport defects have been shown to lead to lens opacification in other models of genetic and experimental cataracts. Parallel studies were performed in Dahl salt-resistant control rats (DR). A high incidence of cataract formation was found in DS. Although systolic blood pressure was not consistently greater in adult DS with cataracts compared with values in age-matched DS without cataracts, the initial pressor response to a high salt diet was greatest in weanling DS in which cataractous lesions later developed. Slit-lamp analysis revealed that cataracts in this genetic model were cortical, with one mixed cortical, nuclear lesion. Posterior subcapsular lesions were not observed, suggesting that lesions were not steroid-induced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypertension 1987 Mar
PMID:Cataracts and hypertension in salt-sensitive rats. A possible ion transport defect. 302 58

Data from 97 cataract patients and 105 normal controls with ages less than 67 years were collected with respect to sex, age, disease status, drug intake, and blood chemistries. The statistical method of fitting log-linear models was used to determine the association between the case-control indicator variable and the other variables. The following variables were shown to be important and to associate independently with the risk of developing cataracts: age, allergy, diabetes, hypotension, hypertension, use of analgesics and coronary disease.
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PMID:Cataract and health status: a case-control study. 338 May 21


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