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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
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In a community based study using systematic random sampling in two urban Assembly constituencies in East Delhi, 420 subjects above the age of 30 years were interviewed to find out their status regarding physical exercise. People doing regular exercise were found to be only 44.8%. The commonest reason associated for not doing/irregular physical exercise was nonavailability of time (63.3%), followed by no need felt by the respondents to exercise (23.3%). The prevalence of obesity in the group doing regular exercise was much lower than the group that was not doing regular exercise and the results were statistically significant. Though a similar association was found with hypertension also, the results were not statistically significant.
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PMID:Status of physical exercise and its association with obesity and hypertension in two urban assembly constituencies of East Delhi. 1202 4

A survey was conducted in asymptomatic aged individuals (> or = 60 years) in The National Capital Territory of Delhi for the prevalence of major health problems like hypertension, diabetes mellitus and respiratory diseases. A total of 200 individuals (100 males and 100 females) were studied over a period of three months in 1998-99. Hypertension was defined as BP > or = 140/90 mmHg (JNC VI criteria), while diabetes mellitus was diagnosed if fasting whole blood sugar was 120 mg/dl or more (WHO criteria). Diagnosis of other health problems was based on relevant history and physical examination. Prevalence of hypertension in the study group was 32.5 per cent (more in males). Of these 18 per cent and 4.2 per cent had isolated systolic and diastolic hypertension, respectively. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the same population was 13.0 per cent. Both diseases were more prevalent in urban population. A high prevalence of respiratory disorders was observed (pulmonary tuberculosis 16 per cent, COPD 10 per cent, asthma 4.5 per cent). Cataract was present in 7.5 per cent while 1.5 per cent had symptoms of urinary tract infection. History of Jaundice was present in 3.5 per cent. Three per cent each had a history suggestive of IHD and TIA, respectively. Proteinuria and glycosuria was seen in 22.2 and 7.6 percent, respectively. A large percentage of the study group (34.4 per cent) had asymptomatic ECG abnormalities.
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PMID:A study of prevalence of health problems in asymptomatic elderly individuals in Delhi. 1224 Aug 44

The logistic model used in this study revealed a 0.99923 probability of maternal mortality associated with severe anemia, hemorrhage, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Sensitivity of the model was 89.47%, and accuracy of prediction was 80.7% Other risk factors included in the regression were sepsis, hyperpyrexia, and birth interval. The study sample included 252 maternal deaths occurring between January 1, 1983, and December 21, 1985, at Safdarung Hospital in New Delhi, India, matched to controls; multivariate analysis was performed with 57 matched cases. The risk of anemia alone was nine times higher among women with this history. The adjusted odds ratio with severe anemia and controlling for pregnancy-induced hypertension increased to 9.151. The odds ratio for severe anemia when controlling for pregnancy-induced hypertension and hemorrhage was 8.783. The odds ratio with severe anemia and controls for hemorrhage, hyperpyrexia, and short birth interval was 9.980. The odds ratio with severe anemia and controls for hemorrhage, hyperpyrexia, short birth interval, and pregnancy-induced hypertension was 9.945. With severe anemia and controls for the remaining five risk factors, the odds ratio was 7.010. Management of high-risk mothers should reduce maternal mortality.
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PMID:Management of high risk mothers and maternal mortality in Indian population. 1234 20

Sixty-six cases of eclampsia amongst 9178 deliveries were managed from July, 1997 to December, 1998 in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi. The aim was to evaluate the changing trends in patients of eclampsia and to assess the efficacy of dilantin in its treatment. The incidence recorded was 1 in 139 deliveries (0.7%). Majority (90.91%) were unsupervised in antenatal period and 68.18% were primigravidae. Eclampsia developed at < 28 weeks of pregnancy in 3.03% of patients. All the patients had hypertension and proteinuria at the time of admission and 51.52% showed hypertensive changes on fundus examination. While single anticonvulsant therapy in the form of dilantin was used to manage 57.57% of patients, 13.64% required intubation and positive pressure ventilation. Fit recurrence on treatment was noticed in 40.91% of patients. Lower segment caesarean section was conducted in 18.18% of patients. Three maternal deaths (4.56%) attributed to ventricular tachycardia, aspiration and intracerebral haemorrhage were recorded. Morbidity was frequent in the form of status eclampticus (n = 5), postpartum psychosis (n = 5), retinal detachment (n = 1), coagulation abnormality (n = 11). The perinatal mortality rate was 30.43%. The study concludes that eclampsia is still rampant in India and despite better medical facilities, maternal and perinatal mortality remains high. The efficacy of dilantin as anti-eclamptic needs to be reviewed.
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PMID:Dilantin as anticonvulsant in eclampsia. 1245 87

A cross-sectional study was carried to find out the lifestyle pattern and morbidity profile of geriatrics residing in urban community of Vikram Nagar, Delhi. Women constituted 56.25% and men 43.75% of a total of 128 study subjects. Hindus were 89.06% and Sikhs 10.93%. Age group of 60-75 years accounted for most of the study population. 85% of the subjects complained of one or more health problems. 90.62% of them suffered from dental problems. A significantly higher proportion of women suffered from problems of locomotion/joints and anemia as compared to men whereas genitourinary problems were higher in men as compared to women. 42.55 of the women and 30.76% of the men were obese. Current smokers constituted 15.62% of the women and 30.76% of the men were obese. Current smokers constituted 15.62% of the population whereas 30.35% of the men were current consumers of alcohol. 12.5% used tobacco. As low as 10.15% of the population engaged in regular physical activity. 55.46% of the subjects were vegetarian. 22.65% suffered from disturbed sleep pattern. Smoking showed statistically significant association with hypertension and respiratory tract diseases. Physical activity showed association with obesity and disorder of locomotion. Behavior and lifestyle modification in the form of primordial prevention and counseling of the high risk groups should be carried to improve the quality of life of the aged.
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PMID:Life style and morbidity profile of geriatric population in an urbans community of Delhi. 1250 34

We studied the maternal and neonatal profile and outcome of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) babies at the level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Delhi. Case records of ELBW inborn babies delivered between August 2000 and August 2001 were analysed by using a pre-set proforma. A total of 52 ELBW babies were admitted to the NICU in the relevant period, of whom 30 (57%) survived. Maternal anaemia, previous preterm delivery and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were the common predisposing factors for preterm delivery. Mean gestational age was 27.8 weeks and mean birth weight was 831 g. The highest mortality (55%) was seen in babies with 26-28 weeks'gestation and those in the birth weight category of < 800 g. Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (78%) and hyaline membrane disease/respiratory distress syndrome (65%) were the most common causes of morbidity. A total of 25 babies were mechanically ventilated while 24 (46%) received total parenteral nutrition. Sepsis, pulmonary haemorrhage, intracranial haemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis accounted for the deaths in the study population. Retinopathy of prematurity screening was performed in 35 babies (68%), of whom 22 were found to be normal. According to the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, most babies (72%) had involvement of zone 3 and stage I (63%). The incidence was highest in 26-28 weeks'gestation babies (71%) and the < 800 g birth weight category (62%). Maternal risk factors such as anaemia and PIH commonly predispose to preterm delivery. There is an alarmingly high mortality in this population. Effective steps are required not only to avoid extreme prematurity but also to reduce morbidity and mortality of all newborns weighing <1000 g at birth.
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PMID:Maternal and neonatal profile and immediate outcome in extremely low birth weight babies in Delhi. 1526 50

Stress caused by chronic difficulties encountered by people residing in poor urban neighborhoods is associated with health problems and disease in developed countries, but the relationship between neighborhood stress and health in developing nations, such as India, has not been assessed. In this study, the authors administered the City Stress Inventory, a self-report measure assessing stress experienced as a function of environmental conditions unique to living in large cities that was validated in the United States, to 163 high school students in New Delhi, India. Components of urban stress in India, with some modifications, appear to be similar to components of urban stress reported by adolescents in the United States. Urban stress was predictive of high blood pressure as reported by the adolescents 'parents. In addition, urban stress also predicted health habits, such as chewing tobacco and alcohol use, and psychosocial characteristics, such as hostility. Adolescents' reports of parental stress concerning money and social pressures were also associated with city stress. The current study indicates that the City Stress Inventory is valid in an Indian sample and is predictive of health problems.
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PMID:Urban stress and health in developing countries: development and validation of a neighborhood stress index for India. 1712 Mar 83

Specific elements are bioconcentrated in human hair and nails, which have unique advantages of application in population monitoring studies thereby, recognized as biological tools for disease diagnosis and prevention. However, investigations are meager for relative element profile in hair and nails of same subjects. In this study, hair and nails were analyzed to find effects of age, sex, smoking habit, diet, urban and rural exposure gradients, occupation, and health on element levels. Scalp hair and fingernails were sampled along with a questionnaire from urban and rural subjects of New Delhi; patients of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes were identified clinically. Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined by AAS in both the samples; CRM (human hair powder) analysis showed acceptable precision and accuracy in element measurement. In comparison to controls, Cr-H and Zn-H levels were lower respectively in female hypertensive and total hypertensive subjects, whereas, Zn-N and Cu-N were lower respectively in total CHD and diabetic subjects, and hypertensive and CHD urban subjects. Cd concentrations were higher in both the samples of tobacco smoking rural subjects than that of non-smokers. Farmers had lower Pb-H than rural businessmen did. Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations were different due to rural and urban gradient but not to the influence of age, sex, and diet. Pb value was alone correlated between the paired samples. Thus, higher Cd levels in the smokers and lower Cr, Cu and Zn levels in the patients were observed.
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PMID:Relative element levels in the paired samples of scalp hair and fingernails of patients from New Delhi. 1714 Jun 38

Two cross-sectional, population-based studies were conducted to assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension, among people aged 20-59 years and those over 60 years in Delhi. Study 1 (20-59 years): in total,1213 subjects from 120 clusters spread across Delhi were studied. The prevalence of hypertension was 27.5%. Of the hypertensives, 53.3% were aware of their diagnosis; 42.8% were taking treatment and only 10.5% had controlled blood pressure. About 9.0% of the hypertensives had coexisting diabetes mellitus and 8.4% were suffering from coronary disease. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in urban areas, but there was no significant difference in levels of awareness, treatment and control between urban and slum areas. The prevalence of hypertension was comparable in both sexes. Women, however, were more likely to be aware of their condition. Study 2 (> or =60 years): in total,1105 subjects from 110 clusters were studied. Prevalence of hypertension was 63.8%. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) was found in 15.3% of the subjects. About 54% of the hypertensives were aware of their diagnosis; 43.4% were taking treatment and only 8.5% had controlled blood pressure. Prevalence of hypertension and ISH were comparable among sexes. Women were more aware and better treated. About 21.3% hypertensives had coexisting diabetes mellitus, and 14.3% were suffering from coronary disease. There was no significant difference between sexes. Urban and slum areas were also found to be comparable. Over 3% of the elderly were controlling their raised blood pressure by non-pharmacological measures. They belonged to the 'aware' category yet could not be labelled as 'hypertensives', highlighting an operational fault in the Joint National Committee definition.
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PMID:Hypertension in Delhi: prevalence, awareness, treatment and control. 1771 96

BACKGROUND, Several studies have reported that the increased risk of hypertension is mainly due to alcohol intake, lack of physical activity, nutritional factors like high fat intake, anthropometric parameters like body weight and waist-to-hip ratio, and metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus. However, the extensive review of literature suggests that in different parts of the world, the predictive risk factors are associated with risk of hypertension in different combinations.The main objectives of this study were to determine the predictors of hypertension in an urban population of India, using the variables depicting lifestyle, nutrition, and environment. METHODS AND RESULTS, Secondary data collected through a cross-sectional survey in a population proportionate sample were analyzed. Sample size was calculated using prevalence of one of the predictors (obesity) from previous studies.Subjects aged between 15 and 54 years, residing in New Delhi for at least one year were included in the study (n = 494). The WHO STEPS instrument for noncommunicable disease risk factors (Core and Expanded version 1.2) was used for data col-lection.Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertensive individuals were twice more likely to be male, of significantly higher age, and more likely, had received college education.The full model of logistic regression analysis showed that sex, age, education, weight, and pulse rate were significant predictors of hypertension. CONCLUSION, The most parsimonious regression model included age, sex, educational status, body mass index, physical inactivity, and hip girth as predictors of hypertension. Risk of hypertension may be predicted early in a population by suitable screening procedures.
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PMID:Predictors of hypertension in an urban Indian population. 1898 26


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