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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lack of physical activity as well as smoking, overweight, high blood cholesterol level and hypertension are independent risk factors for development of various chronic diseases. Lack of physical activity is a main cause of non-communicable diseases morbidity and mortality in about 23% of cases (WHO, 2002). Goal of the survey was the identification and characteristics of physical activity among adults. We conducted epidemiologic survey among the school-children and students in Tbilisi. Survey was carried out in 40 schools from all regions of Tbilisi and 9 state and private institutes. Schools were selected by randomized trail in each region of Tbilisi and in each school were questioned all teen-agers from 14-17 year old. For selecting group of survey was used method of "proportional probability of value". There were questioned 2 500 school children and 1000 students, 38% boys and 62% girls. The results of survey ascertained that 23,5%-39,5% of respondents are training or engaged in sport everyday, or several times per week; 17,2% - once in a month; 9,3% once in a year; or 10,5% - never. Adults are less informed about useful effect of physical activity. Respondents had different point of on the role of physical activity: some of them thought it controls weight; others - prevents development of different diseases; the rest thinks that it copes with psycho-emotional stress, and none of them precise about effectiveness of physical activity in all cases mentioned above. Propaganda of healthy life stile must be associated with the effectiveness of physical activity on health.
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PMID:[Investigation of physical activity among adults]. 1690 31

This article reviews studies by the author on central mechanisms of hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have been developed as a rat model of genetic hypertension, and central acetylcholine has been implicated in hypertension in SHR. The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), a major source of efferent sympathetic activity, has cholinergic pressor systems. The release of acetylcholine is enhanced in the RVL of SHR, leading to hypertension. The alteration of the RVL cholinergic system in SHR results from enhanced angiotensin systems in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Angiotensin II-sensitive neurons are present in the AHA and they are tonically activated by endogenous angiotensins. The basal activity of AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons is enhanced in SHR, mainly due to enhanced sensitivity of AHA neurons to angiotensin II. The AHA angiotensin system is also responsible for hypertension induced by emotional stress and central Na(+) increases. These findings suggest that the AHA angiotensin system may play a critical role in the development of hypertension.
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PMID:[Mechanisms of hypertension in the central nervous system]. 1694 84

In the randomised study of 1037 40-year-old inhabitants of the City and the (former) Province of Poznan, born 1959, the occurrence of such cardiovascular diseases as arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease was established in this subpopulation. Their association with the life-style of the subjects was also assessed. A structured questionnaire was developed for this study, comprising the basic socio-demographical data, the elements of life-style, a self-assessment of one's health as well as subjective and objective medical examination, and the results of selected laboratory tests. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was established at 22.47%, while that of ischemic heart disease at 3.96%. Such negative to health behavioural patterns as tobacco smoking (36% of smokers were hypertensive, obesity--29% had BMI in excess of 30, physical inactivity in 52% of the hypertensive subgroup)--were revealed among those with cardiovascular diseases. Poor coping with emotional stress was also found among the latter group. The results indicate the necessity of more intensive health education, directed at both the healthy population and at those with cardiovascular diseases.
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PMID:[Tobacco smoking, physical inactivity and stress in 40-year-old patients with cardiovascular diseases]. 1728 73

Cardiovascular reactivity, an abrupt increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to emotional stress, is a risk factor for hypertension and heart disease. Brain angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT(1)) receptor is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of cardiovascular reactivity. Given that a wide variety of AT(1) receptor signalling pathways exists in neurones, the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie central cardiovascular actions of Ang II during emotional stress are yet to be determined. Growing evidence, however, indicates that reactive oxygen species, and in particular superoxide (.O(2)(-)), are important intracellular messengers of many actions of brain Ang II. In particular, studies employing microinjection of .O(2)(-) scavengers directly into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and dorsomedial hypothalamus of rabbits have shown that the activation of AT(1) receptor-.O(2)(-) signalling is required for full manifestation of the cardiovascular response to emotional stress. This role of .O(2)(-) appears to be highly specific, because .O(2)(-) scavengers in the RVLM do not alter the sympathoexcitatory response to baroreceptor unloading or sciatic nerve stimulation. The subcellular mechanisms for the stress-induced .O(2)(-) production are likely to include the activation of NADPH oxidase and are essentially independent of nitric oxide. This review summarizes current knowledge of redox-sensitive signalling mechanisms in the brain that regulate cardiovascular effects of stress. Additionally, it presents initial evidence that .O(2)(-) may be less important in the activation of central pressor pathways mediating cardiovascular arousal associated with appetitive events, such as food anticipation and feeding.
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PMID:Brain superoxide as a key regulator of the cardiovascular response to emotional stress in rabbits. 1730 48

It is well known that hypertension, aortic dilatation, and collagen disorders predispose to acute aortic dissection (AAD). The inciting events that precede the instant of AAD are incompletely understood. One hundred seventy-five consecutive patients having AAD, treated at our institution during a 10-year period, were reviewed; 65 were women and 110 were men (mean age 61 years). The ascending aorta was affected in 110 patients, and the descending in 65. Information was collected using patients' charts supplemented with direct telephone interviews. Ninety patients were contacted; 65 (24 women, 41 men, mean age 61 years, average aortic size 5.56 cm) could recall specific inciting events for their dissection. In 34 patients, the ascending aorta was involved and in 31 the descending. Eighteen patients (28%) had a positive family history of aortic disease, defined as having > or =1 first-degree relative with aortic disease (aneurysm or dissection). In 24 of the 90 patients contacted (27%), strenuous activity was identified as a clear precipitating factor before the acute onset of thoracic pain; in 36 of 90 (40%) severe emotional stress preceded the onset of dissection pain. Three dissections were iatrogenic. Two additional patients reported a severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease before their acute onset of chest pain. In conclusion, severe physical and emotional stress may precipitate AAD, presumably on the basis of a transient, severe hypertensive reaction.
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PMID:Role of exertion or emotion as inciting events for acute aortic dissection. 1795 Aug 10

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients treated for coronary heart disease (CHD) at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital during the 2000-2006 period. Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases that occur due to arterial. The risk factors that lead to the development and occurrence of cardiovascular disease are hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus and positive family history. Additional factors favoring the occurrence of cardiovascular disease include overweight, inadequate physical activity, and emotional stress. Data on all patients hospitalized and diagnosed with CHD at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital during the 2000-2006 period were analyzed for the prevalence of risk factors for CHD, i.e. hypertension, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus and positive family history of cardiovascular disease. Hypercholesterolemia was defined by a cholesterol level higher than 5.1 mmol/L, hypertension from history data and blood pressure measurement on admission greater than 140/90 mmHg, diabetes mellitus from history data, and hypertriglyceridemia by a triglyceride level greater than 1.7 mmol/L. Information on heredity and cigarette smoking was collected from history and a questionnaire filled out on admission. All laboratory values were determined on patient admission to the hospital. Analysis of the risk factors for CHD recorded in patients from Zagorje County during the 2000-2006 period revealed hypertension to be the most common risk factor in our patients. According to sex, CHD was found to show a male preponderance. According to age at admission, CHD predominated in the > 70 age group, which accounted for one third of all patients, followed by a comparable proportion of the 50-60 and 60-70 age groups, i.e. still active population groups. As CHD is one of the leading health threats worldwide, estimated to remain so at least by 2020, it is fully justified to invest all efforts in the study of cardiovascular disease. New research projects should be focused on the prevention and early detection of the disease, improvement of diagnosis procedures, introduction of novel therapeutic options, use of new concepts, and due survey of the measures taken. CHD poses great socioeconomic burden upon every community in industrialized societies because of the ever younger age at onset. Actions should be taken to improve awareness of the CHD risks and morbidity in the population at large, stimulating favorable lifestyle and dietary modifications, and one's own health awareness, in order to upgrade the control of risk factors for and morbidity of cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients from Croatian Zagorje County treated at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital from 2000 to 2006. 1804 78

Acute health effects from air pollution are based largely on weak associations identified in time-series studies comparing daily air pollution levels to daily mortality. Much of this mortality is due to cardiovascular disease. Time-series studies have many potential limitations, but are not thought to be confounded by traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., smoking status or hypertension) because these chronic risk factors are not obviously associated with daily pollution levels. However, acute psychobehavioral variants of these risk factors (e.g., smoking patterns and episodes of stress on any given day) are plausible confounders for the associations observed in time-series studies, given that time-series studies attempt to predict acute rather than chronic health outcomes. There is a fairly compelling literature on the strong link between cardiovascular events and daily "triggers" such as stress. Stress-related triggers are plausibly associated with daily pollution levels through surrogate stressors such as ambient temperature, daily workload, local traffic congestion, or other correlates of air pollution. For example, variables such as traffic congestion and industrial activity increase both stress-related health events and air pollution, suggesting the potential for classical confounding. Support for this argument is illustrated through examples of the well-demonstrated relationship between emotional stress and heart attack/stroke.
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PMID:Do pollution time-series studies contain uncontrolled or residual confounding by risk factors for acute health events? 1846 55

Fail of fast recovering to normal state after aversive event is the key feature of individual intolerance to emotional stress. Within the framework of this idea, dynamics of the arterial blood pressure reactivity was studied studied using defensive reaction of the cardiac defense response elicited by strong aversive acoustic stimuli. Dynamical patterns of cardiovascular responses observed in this reaction makes made it possible to perform affective chronometry of defensive arousal. Healthy male volunteers with normal arterial blood pressure and patients with firstly diagnosed and untreated essential hypertension were studied. The beat-by-beat dynamics of blood pressure values were registered by means of finger-cuff Finapres technology. It was shown that among healthy individuals with normal resting blood pressure values hyperreactive persons with delayed late systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases ocurred. It was suggested that similiarity of delayed pressor effects ofhypereactive healthy individuals and those of hypertension patients incate a high risk of essential hypertension in highly reactive individuals.
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PMID:[Individual variability of cardiovascular reactivity during protective cardiac reflex in humans]. 1851 47

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a clinical entity with a relatively new described acute and reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction triggered by emotional stress. Different observations have represented that takotsubo cardiomyopathy may be associated with similar LV myocardial geometry as described by novel quantitative echocardiographic methods in hypertensive heart disease. Therefore, acute emotional stress in takotsubo cardiomyopathy or chronic stress by increased afterload in hypertension possibly represents similar morphologic and functional features on the basis of heart.
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PMID:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may be associated with cardiac geometric features as observed in hypertensive heart disease. 1858 37

We describe a 65-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and smoking who presented with an acute episode of chest pain precipitated by severe emotional stress. Her initial electrocardiogram done in the emergency room showed non-specific T wave changes in the lateral leads and her cardiac troponin levels were mildly elevated. Because of her clinical presentation, she was admitted with a presumptive diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and managed with antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Coronary angiogram did not reveal coronary artery disease and left ventriculography showed findings consistent with apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Subsequent electrocardiograms displayed dramatic changes including T wave inversions, QT interval prolongation and U waves. The patient remained asymptomatic and recovered uneventfully. Three weeks post-discharge, an echocardiogram documented resolved left ventricular dysfunction. We describe the clinical features and highlight the electrocardiographic findings that may help differentiate takotsubo cardiomyopathy from myocardial infarction.
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PMID:It's a trap! Clinical similarities and subtle ECG differences between takotsubo cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction. 1876 77


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