Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study compared the mental and physical health of two groups of black mothers aged 55 years and older: those who were providing care for their adult child with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=30) and those who did not have a child with mental illness (N=263). The only demographic variable that was found to differ between the two groups was that the women who were providing care for their adult child with mental illness had more children than the women in the comparison group. Both groups of women had similar mental health status. However, the mothers who were providing care for their adult children with mental illness had higher rates of chronic health conditions, such as high blood pressure, arthritis, and eye problems.
 ...
PMID:The health and well-being of black mothers who care for their adult children with schizophrenia. 1517 73

The dopamine derivatives participate in the regulation of wide variety of physiological functions in the human body and in medication life. Increase and/or decrease in the concentration of dopamine in human body reflect an indication for diseases such as Schizophrenia and/or Parkinson diseases. Alpha-methyldopa (alpha-MD) in tablets is used in medication of hypertension. The Fe(III) and Cu(II) chelates with coupled products of adrenaline hydrogen tartarate (AHT), levodopa (LD), alpha-MD and carbidopa (CD) with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) are prepared and characterized. Different physico-chemical methods like IR, magnetic and UV-Vis spectra are used to investigate the structure of these chelates. Fe(III) form 1:2 (M:catecholamines) chelates while Cu(II) form 1:1 chelates. Catecholamines behave as a bidentate mono- or dibasic ligands in binding to the metal ions. IR spectra show that the catecholamines are coordinated to the metal ions in a bidentate manner with O,O donor sites of the phenolic -OH. Magnetic moment measurements reveal the presence of Fe(III) chelates in octahedral geometry while the Cu(II) chelates are square planar. The thermal decomposition of Fe(III) and Cu(II) complexes is studied using thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The water molecules are removed in the first step followed immediately by decomposition of the ligand molecules. The activation thermodynamic parameters, such as, energy of activation, enthalpy, entropy and free energy change of the complexes are evaluated and the relative thermal stability of the complexes are discussed.
 ...
PMID:IR, UV-Vis, magnetic and thermal characterization of chelates of some catecholamines and 4-aminoantipyrine with Fe(III) and Cu(II). 1524 50

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome, a constellation of truncal obesity, dyslipidemia, disturbed insulin and glucose metabolism, and hypertension, is associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hispanic patients with schizophrenia and whether they differ from comparable non-Hispanic patients is uncertain. METHOD: This cross-sectional study, conducted from January 2002 to May 2002, included 48 patients with schizophrenia who were recruited from an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the criteria of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 63% in all patients with schizophrenia. The metabolic syndrome was present in 41% of non-Hispanic patients and in 74% of Hispanic patients with schizophrenia. Metabolic syndrome was present in 70% of Cuban Americans and 88% of other Hispanic subgroups with schizophrenia. Metabolic syndrome was associated with waist circumference (p <.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p <.05) in logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that schizophrenic patients have a 3-fold greater risk to develop metabolic syndrome than the general population. Hispanic schizophrenic patients have a significantly greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome than non-Hispanic schizophrenic patients (p <.05). An increased waist circumference is the strongest clinical correlate with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients With Schizophrenia. 1525

Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cannot be synthesised in the body and must be ingested by food. A balanced intake of both n-6 and n-3 PUFA is essential for good health. PUFA are the basic constituents of phospholipid membranes and determine cellular membrane fluidity and modulate enzyme activities, carriers and membrane receptors. They are also precursors of active metabolites known collectively as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes) which regulate our cellular functions. Studies indicate that n-3 PUFA have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic actions and immuno-modulating properties. Erythrocyte fatty acid status is a reflection of dietary fat intake. It also explores PUFA metabolism and gives information about the integration of these fatty acids into cellular membranes. Thus, erythrocyte fatty acid analysis can detect PUFA insufficiencies and imbalances from the diet, but also metabolic abnormalities and lipid peroxidation. It can be helpful in the prevention and the control of chronic diseases in which PUFA alterations have been observed as coronary heart diseases, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, atopic eczema, Alzheimer dementia, major depression, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, etc.
 ...
PMID:Alteration of polyunsaturated fatty acid status and metabolism in health and disease. 1546 Jan 66

Angiotensin-II, a product of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) action, regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activates NFkappaB, increases oxidant stress, and suppresses nitric oxide synthesis. Thus, angiotensin-II is pro-inflammatory in nature. Hence, increase in ACE activity and the concentrations of angiotensin-II initiate and perpetuate inflammation. Since ACE is present in many tissues including: the uterus, placenta, vascular tissue, heart, brain, adrenal cortex and kidney, leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, peripheral monocytes, neuronal cells and epididymal cells, this suggests that angiotensin-II may have a role in atherosclerosis, congestive cardiac failure, stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, atopic and non-atopic dermatitis, eczema, several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer, conditions in which inflammation is known to play a significant role. This suggests that ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be of significant benefit in the management of these conditions. Alternatively, structural analogues of presently available ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be developed such that they are not only useful in the treatment of hypertension and CHF but also possess anti-inflammatory actions.
 ...
PMID:Is angiotensin-II an endogenous pro-inflammatory molecule? 1587 6

Obesity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both increasing in prevalence. Childhood exposure to television has shown linkage to both ADHD and obesity with the former ascribed to dysfunctional cognitive hyperstimulation and the latter to altered patterns of diet and exercise. Empirical evidence has contradicted prior presumptions that the hyperactivity of ADHD would decrease the risk of obesity. Instead, obesity and ADHD demonstrate significant comorbidity. We propose that obesity and ADHD represent different manifestations of the same underlying dysfunction, a phenomenon we term environmental oversampling syndrome. Oversupply of information in the form of nutritional content and sensory content may independently predispose to both obesity and ADHD. Moreover, the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions may overlap such that nutritional excess contributes to ADHD and cognitive hyperstimulation contributes to obesity. The overlapping effects of medications provide further evidence towards the existence of shared etiologic pathways. Metabolism and cognition may represent parallel systems of intelligence, and oversampling of content may constitute the source of parallel dysfunctions. The emerging association between psychiatric and metabolic disorders suggests a fundamental biologic link between these two systems. In addition, the immune system may represent yet another form of intelligence. The designation of syndrome X subsumes seemingly unrelated metabolic and inflammatory entities. Environmental oversampling syndrome may represent an even more inclusive concept that encompasses various metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral conditions. Apparently disparate conditions such as insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, syndrome X, obesity, ADHD, depression, psychosis, sleep apnea, inflammation, autism, and schizophrenia may operate through common pathways, and treatments used exclusively for one of these conditions may prove beneficial for the others.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and ADHD may represent different manifestations of a common environmental oversampling syndrome: a model for revealing mechanistic overlap among cognitive, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. 1590 45

Drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, although effective, are often restricted by adverse events. The use of partial agonists for treating hypertension was found to limit some of the side-effects in some patients. This led to the investigation of partial agonists as a treatment modality in psychiatric disorders. Partial agonists have a lower intrinsic efficacy than full agonists leading to reduced maximum response. They can act as antagonists by competing for receptor binding with full agonists. The level of activity depends on the level of endogenous receptor activity. Buprenorphine, a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor, is used to treat patients with addiction and decreases the symptoms of withdrawal and risks of overdose and intoxication. The anxiolytic buspirone shows partial agonism at 5-HT(1A) receptors, and this seems to provide anxioselective effects, without inducing extrapyramidal side-effects, convulsions, tolerance or withdrawal reactions. In schizophrenia, partial dopamine agonism results in antagonistic effects at sites activated by high concentrations of dopamine and agonistic effects at sites activated by low concentrations of dopamine. This stabilizes the dopamine system to effect antipsychotic action without inducing adverse motor or hormonal events. Aripiprazole is the first 'dopamine system stabilizer', and the data are promising, with efficacy at least equivalent to that with current atypical antipsychotics but fewer of the troublesome side-effects. Partial agonists seem to provide a way to fine-tune the treatment of psychiatric disorders by maximizing the treatment effect while minimizing undesirable adverse events.
 ...
PMID:The place of partial agonism in psychiatry: recent developments. 1598 97

Research-based fact sheets are simple, clear, and concise one-page reviews of a topic (e.g., culture and ethnicity, homelessness) with tips to improve culturally competent care. Using research helps nurses achieve promotion, advance careers, and enhance patient care. The background, literature, purpose, methods, and evaluation of fact sheets are reported. In a survey, 142 nurses reported that the fact sheets about general topics (end of life, depression, heart failure, smoking cessation, ethnicity, homelessness, hypertension, conflict management, medication safety, and pressure ulcers) were 99% excellent in efficiency, usefulness in practice, effectiveness, and importance in improving practice. Nurses (93.5%) said they improved the professional's knowledge. Fact sheets 8 and 9 (i.e., schizophrenia and advance directives) were rated as excellent by 88-97% of nurses. Nurses use fact sheets with an average of seven patients to improve education, assessment, intervention, and follow-up care.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of innovative research-based fact sheets. 1607 87

Dopamine is an important endogenous catecholamine which exerts widespread effects both in neuronal (as a neurotransmitter) and non-neuronal tissues (as an autocrine or paracrine agent). Within the central nervous system, dopamine binds to specific membrane receptors presented by neurons and it plays the key role in the control of locomotion, learning, working memory, cognition, and emotion. The brain dopamine system is involved in various neurological and psychiatric disturbances such as Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia, and amphetamine and cocaine addiction. Thus, this system is the major target of powerful drugs applied in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Physiological functions of the brain dopamine system are well recognized. However, dopamine biosynthesis does not only occur in neurons, but also in peripheral tissues. Dopamine receptors have been described in the kidney, pancreas, lungs, and in numerous blood vessels outside the central nervous system. Renal dopamine is now recognized as an important regulator of sodium extraction and electrolyte balance, while defective renal dopamine production and/or dopamine receptor function may contribute to the development of various forms of human and animal hypertension. This article gives a brief overview of the importance of dopamine acting as a neurotransmitter and peripheral hormone. Special consideration is given to: (i) biochemical disturbances occurring in both brain and kidneys in various diseases and (ii) current therapy correcting disturbances in dopamine systems.
 ...
PMID:[Dopamine: not just a neurotransmitter]. 1610 42

Weight gain, leading to further morbidity and poor treatment compliance, is a common adverse effect of treatment with clozapine. The C825T polymorphism in the human G protein beta3 subunit gene has been noted to be associated with obesity, hypertension and coronary artery disease. Clozapine increases the level of G protein beta3 subunit in the rat striatum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between G protein beta3 polymorphisms and clozapine-induced body weight change in a Chinese population during long-term treatment. One hundred and thirty-four schizophrenic patients, who were treated with clozapine continuously (13.4+/-0.5 months), were genotyped for G protein beta3 subunit C825T polymorphism. None of these patients received second-generation antipsychotics before clozapine treatment. Body weight was monitored at baseline before clozapine treatment and at the endpoint after clozapine treatment. Patients with the TT type experienced significantly more weight gain (16.2+/-2.5%) compared to those with CT (9.3+/-1.2%) or CC types (5.5+/-2.4%) after long-term clozapine treatment (P = 0.003). Further stratification by gender demonstrated that the effect of C825T polymorphism on weight gain remained significant both in males and females. These findings confirm the importance of genetic factors in body weight change induced by long-term clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia, and indicate a role for the G protein beta3 subunit in body weight regulation during long-term clozapine treatment.
 ...
PMID:C825T polymorphism in the human G protein beta3 subunit gene is associated with long-term clozapine treatment-induced body weight change in the Chinese population. 1614 1


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>